Category: Research

Types of Research Design- 10 Different Types of Research Design

Types of Research Design- Different Types of Research Design & 10 Types of Research Design in Research.

Types of Research Design

Nobody can deny the importance of sophisticated research. Research is the process of discovering new knowledge and ideas. Recently, the researcher has become more advanced by skilled and trained. At present, researchers conduct the mixed method of research by applying both non-experimental and experimental designs. Usually, there are two types of research design such as experimental and nonexperimental research. Experimental research is divided into many designs, including Descriptive, Historical, Correlation, qualitative, et cetera. On the other hand, experimental research is divided into two methods: true experimental and Quasi-experimental research methods.

Difference Between Nonexperimental and Experimental Research

Nonexperimental Research Experimental Research
Firstly, Nonexperimental research determines the natural relationship between variables. In contrast, experimental research investigates the cause-and-effect relationship between variables.
Additionally, the researcher does not control the setting of the study. On the other hand, researchers control the setting of the study.
In this research design, researchers do not introduce external variables. In this research design, researchers introduce external variables.
Researchers do not manipulate the independent variable. Nonetheless, the researcher manipulates the independent variable methodically.
For example,  Investigating the perception of the children in the  COVID-19 pandemic. For example, Testing the effect of the COVID-19 vaccine among children.
Usually, Nonexperimental research is both quantitative and qualitative. On the other hand, experimental research is quantitative.
Nonexperimental research is intended to explain the subject’s characteristics, including the current situation, comparative position, and prediction. However, experimental research is used to solve problems, create advanced innovation, and progress in medical science.
Types of Research Design
research design types of research design & different types of research method
Figure 1: Types of Research Design

1. Nonexperimental Research

Nonexperimental research explains the researcher’s observation describing the natural condition of the study phenomenon. The nonexperimental research determines the normal relationship between variables but is not intended to identify the cause-and-effect relationship between variables. It only describes relationships between variables without testing causal relationships among them. This research is not involved in the manipulation of the independent variable. Therefore, it does not introduce any external variable, and variables are not manipulated. Researchers do not control the setting of the research.

For example, a researcher wants to investigate the relationship between the awareness of fake news sharing and the brand trust of Facebook among youth. Here, the researcher wants to determine the relationship between awareness of fake news sharing and Brand trust of Facebook. It does not indicate the causal relationship between variables.

Different Types of Research Design

The 10 Types of Research Design are:

  1. Quantitative Research Design
  2. Descriptive Research Design
  3. Correlational Research Design
  4. Historical Research Design
  5. Qualitative Research
  6. Case Study Research Design
  7. Mixed Methods Research Design
  8. Review Research Design
  9. Developmental Research
  10. Experimental Research Design
Descriptive Research Design

The descriptive research method describes the characteristics and features of existing phenomena at the time of research. It also provides a broad picture of the phenomena to convey a better understanding through the study. The time frame of the study is present. Descriptive research is the foundation of all other types of research. It does not involve control variables or treatments. However, the correlation between variables is characterized.  There are many types of descriptive research, for example, Survey research, Correlation research, Developmental research (Longitudinal approach & Cross-section approach), Normative research, Naturalistic observational research, Comparative research, Data analysis research, Action research, etc. 

For example, a researcher wants to survey students’ practice of social media-based citizen journalism. Based on the topic, the researcher should apply the descriptive research method to explain the feature of social media-based citizen journalism among students. Another example of the descriptive research design is ” the perception of Malaysia people on the use of social media to spread fake political news.”

Survey Research Design

Survey research examines the relationships and frequency between sociological and psychological variables. It assesses psychological factors such as beliefs, values, attitudes, prejudices, discriminations, opinions, and preferences.

Examples of the survey research are evaluating the following:

  • Student’s attitudes toward the use of smartphones in the classroom.
  • Teacher’s opinion in conducting online classes
  • The perception of teenagers in the advantage of social media platforms
How to Conduct Survey Research

Any survey research begins with a general (flow) plan that shows the entire process of survey research.

  1. Clarify the purpose of the study
  2. Defining the sample plan
  3. Define a method also part of the interviewing session 

Defining method stage of survey research will determine the answer to the following questions

  • How will the questions be structured?
  • What types of questions will be asked?
  • How will the sample be defined?
  • How will the data be collected?

4. Finally, Coding and scoring

Tools of the Survey Research- Interview

The interview is the primary tool of the survey research design. However, a Face sheet is an essential element to conducting an interview session properly. Face sheet information represents neutral information about the study respondent, such as age, gender, living place, educational level, income, etc.

Pros of  the Face sheet—Neutral background information
  • First, it helps establish rapport with the respondents or interviewees. For example, where did you study? How many siblings do you have?
  • Secondly, it establishes data frames or characteristics.
Two Types of Questions For Interviewees. 
  • Structured questions in which respondents can give explicit answers.
  • On the other hand, open-ended questions permit the interviewee to give elaborative answers.

Advantages of the Interview 

  • Flexibility in collecting data
  • The interviewer can set the tone and agenda

Disadvantages of the Interview

  • Expensive
  • Lack of anonymity, so responses might not be honest
  • Lack standardized questions
 Process of developing an Interview
  • Firstly, describe the goals of the project.
  • Secondly, select an appropriate sample.
  • thirdly, develop interview questions.
  • Fourthly, train interviewers.
  • Finally, Conduct interviews.
The Ten Essential Commandments of Interviewing 
  1. Do not begin the interview cold.
  2. Remember that you are there to get information.
  3. Be direct.
  4. Dress appropriately.
  5. Find a quiet place to conduct the interview.
  6. Don’t give up if your interviewee doesn’t give a satisfactory answer the first time.
  7. Use a tape recorder.
  8. Make the interviewee a part of the interview.
  9. To be a good interviewer, practice more.
  10. Thank interviewees for their help, and ask for questions. 
Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Research

Advantages of Survey Research design

  • Permits researcher to get a broad picture (good generalization)
  • Efficient data collection
  • Can yield very accurate results

Disadvantages of Survey Research design

  • Bias (Interviewer bias and Interviewee bias)
  • Non-response

Correlational Research Design

Correlation research design describes the relationship between two variables. It identifies the associated factors of the phenomenon that are co-related to one another. It also discovers how connected these factors are to each other and the strength of the relationship between variables. A numerical index measures the strength of the relationship called the correlation coefficient. The time frame of this research might be present or past, and future. Actually, it shows the past or present relationship between variables and offers predictions for the future. It implies that variables share something in common.

For example, a researcher wants to identify the relationship between social media addiction among students and their results in the final exam. Based on the topic, the researcher should use a Correlation research design to identify the relationship between social media addiction among students and their results in the final exam. Another example of the correlation research design is “Influence of Teenager’s Awareness of Fake News Spreading and Perceived Message Trustworthiness towards The Brand Trust of Twitter.”

Correlation Coefficient

The correlation coefficient measures the degree of linear relatedness between two variables. There are two types of correlation, for example, positive correlation and negative correlation. The positive correlation is good, yet the negative correlation is not bad. basically, both positive and negative correlation indicates the direction of the relationship; nothing else. The absolute value of the coefficient indicates the strength of the relationship. Variance increased when a stronger relationship between variables existed. Varies between –1.00 and +1.00.

Historical Research

Historical research investigates the past event and establishes the present concept of the event. It also describes the past fact of the event that affects the current situation. The objective of the historical research method is to collect and evidence from the past event to develop a fact that defends or refutes the hypothesis. Historical research is another term of historiography.

For example, researchers desire to identify the historical progress of women’s education in Malaysia. So, the historical research design will be the option to conduct the research.

Qualitative Research

Qualitative research design examines human behavior in the social, political, and cultural context in which it occurs. The qualitative research method is part of nonexperimental research; therefore, it never tests the cause and effect relationship between variables. The researcher applies different paradigms and tools to conduct qualitative research. The most important tools of qualitative research are interviews, ethnography, case studies, and ethnography. It provides nonnumerical qualitative data that is also known as primary data. In qualitative research, the researchers focus on the content of informants rather than the frequency of particular content.  Here, the informant is the interviewees or people who the researcher has interviewed. The time frame is present and past.

For example, a researcher desires to identify the effectiveness of the government policy to educate all girl-children. So, they will implement the qualitative research method to identify the effectiveness of the government policy to educate all girl-children in the country.

Experimental Research
  • Tries to discover causal relationships
  • Two types:
  1. True experimental research
  2. Quasi-experimental research

True experimental Research

  • For example, Comparing two different techniques

Quasi-Experimental Research

  • For example, Participants are preassigned to groups
  • Useful when the researcher cannot manipulate variables.
When to use what research design

Research design cheat sheet

The research design cheat sheet attached below will

research design
Figure 2: Research Design Cheat Sheet
Basis Research Design and Applied Research Design

Basic research has no instant execution to the world. Usually, researchers apply these basic types of research design to expand the knowledge of certain phenomena. Pure research is another name of basic research. For example, a study looking at how the online class during the COVID-19 pandemic increases depression among students. Researchers are intended to expand knowledge by this study or research; it has no instant application to society.

Applied research has immediate execution or application to the world. Researchers use this research to solve the problem. Therefore, it has an immediate practical use to resolve the problem or answer the question. For example, the research to invent the COVID-19 vaccine is an instance of applied research; because it has immediate application to the world.

Survey Questionnaire Sample For Research Paper

This academic content provides detailed information about the Survey Questionnaire Sample and Example for Research Paper, Proposal, & Project. It also demonstrates how to write a survey questionnaire for effective research.

What is a Survey Questionnaire in Research?

The survey questionnaire is a key tool for researchers to collect data efficiently and validate the hy. Creating a well-structured survey questionnaire is essential for gathering valuable data. A well-designed survey questionnaire helps to ensure that the data collected is accurate and relevant. When formulating your survey questionnaire, consider your research objectives to guide your questions effectively. Using examples, such as previous survey questionnaire templates, can facilitate your design process.

A questionnaire is a quantitative survey instrument comprising multiple questions used to collect data from respondents and informants. The survey questionnaire comprises five standard 5W1H questions: who, what, when, why, and how. The most common questionnaires are product usability and customer satisfaction survey questionnaires.

By following a structured format, you can create a survey questionnaire that meets your research needs. Each section of your survey questionnaire should align with your overall research objectives. Moreover, a well-crafted survey questionnaire can lead to more insightful data analysis and conclusions. Ensure that your survey questionnaire is concise to encourage participant engagement. It’s vital to test your survey questionnaire before full deployment to catch any potential issues. Remember that clarity in your survey questionnaire will lead to more accurate and reliable responses.

Additionally, questionnaires are crucial for collecting information in both quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative survey questions typically address ‘what’, ‘why’, and ‘how’ to quantify phenomena. These questions are designed to identify relationships among the independent, dependent, mediator, and moderator variables. The respondents are a sample of the population who participated in the survey. Quantitative survey questions are part of the data collection process in quantitative research.

In contrast, qualitative questionnaires focus on ‘what’ and ‘how’ to elicit in-depth opinions about a topic. Qualitative research avoids why questions intended to identify cause-and-effect relations. The survey can be conducted face-to-face or online. However, each questionnaire includes an introduction that provides a concise overview of the research.

Once you’ve designed your survey questionnaire, seek feedback to improve its effectiveness. To enhance your research findings, utilize your survey questionnaire across diverse demographic groups. A comprehensive survey questionnaire allows for a deeper understanding of your research topic.

What are Quantitative Survey Questionnaires?

Quantitative survey questionnaires are structured instruments that feature closed-ended questions. The examples of open-ended questions are multiple-choice, rating scales (Likert scale measuring agreement or disagreement), dichotomous (yes/no), and ranking options, concentrating on descriptive (what is), comparative (differences among groups), and relationship-focused (correlation between variables) inquiries to obtain numerical data for statistical evaluation, typically utilizing methods like mail, phone, or online surveys.

A Quantitative research questionnaire is a set of survey questions used by a researcher to collect data. The author designs some questionnaire samples for students and researchers. These samples help new researchers develop a questionnaire tailored to the research topic. The questionnaire sample has been collected from University students. New researchers will learn how to create a survey questionnaire to collect data.

The author has provided several research questionnaires and download links here so readers can access the PDF forms. This sample and example of research questionnaires may provide a clearer understanding for new researchers.

Questionnaire Sample For Quantitative Research

Quantitative survey research includes the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, questionnaire, bibliography, and appendix. The questionnaire sample for the research paper will provide specific guidance on designing survey questions for a quantitative study. Many undergraduate and postgraduate students are unfamiliar with how to design questionnaires for their theses or dissertations. Therefore, the author has designed and collected a few questionnaire samples for quantitative research. We do not encourage students to copy these questionnaires; however, you may use them as inspiration to develop your own. Students should read and follow the examples to draft questionnaires for their quantitative research projects.

Quantitative Survey Questionnaire Sample: AI Adoption

The following questionnaires are adopted from the UTAUT model. Therefore, this sample will help a student design a survey questionnaire based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. It includes the research title, demographic questions, and items to validate the hypothesis.

research survey questionnaire

Research Title: The Antecedents of Artificial Intelligence Adoption Among Human Resource Professionals in the Tourism & Hospitality Industry in Malaysia.

Online Survey Questionnaire Form

SECTION A. Demographic Questions

Instructions: Please complete this section by circling the following answers

A1. What is your gender?

  1. Male
  2. Female

A2. How old are you?

  1. 20-30
  2. 31-40
  3. 41-50
  4. 51-60

A3. What is your level of education?

  1. Undergraduate
  2. Masters/MBA
  3. MPhil/DBA/PhD

A6. What is your marital status?

  1. Single
  2. Married

A7. What is your job tenure?

  1. 1-2 Years
  2. 3-4 Years
  3. 5-6 Years
  4. 7 Years and above

Section B: Artificial Intelligence Adoption (AIA)

Instruction: Please answer the following section based on the following scale:

  • Strongly Disagree
  • Disagree
  • Somewhat Agree
  • Agree
  • Strongly Agree
No Statement 1 2 3 4 5
B1 A timely plan for the acceptance, implementation, and application migration of AI technology has been developed.
B2 Managers have already endorsed the AI adoption plan.
B3 A financial budget and a migration schedule have been approved.
B4 Our customers highly value new products and services that use AI innovations.
B5 Organizations are embracing and utilizing AI to drive practical business innovation.
B6 Organizations accept and use AI tools to align with their business strategy.
B7 Organizations accept and use AI for better coordination.
B8 Organizations accept and use AI tools in decision-making.
B9 Adopting Artificial Intelligence will allow better communication with customers.

Item 1-4 adapted from Islam et al. (2023), Item 5-8 adapted from Almarashda et al. (2021), Item 8-10 adapted from Jadhav (2021).

Section C: Performance Expectancy (PE) and Artificial Intelligence Adoption

No Statement 1 2 3 4 5
C1 I find AI a helpful technology in the HR department.
C2 Using AI increases my chances of making important decisions.
C3 Using AI helps me make decisions more quickly.
C4 Using AI increases my productivity in organizations.
C5 AI enhances the HR department’s performance.
C6 AI enables us to work faster in the organization.
C7 AI enhances employees’ effectiveness in performing.
C8 Using AI in the HR department increases my chances of achieving important goals.

Item 1-4 adapted from Baabdullah (2024), Item 5-8 adapted from Cao et al. (2021)

questionnaire sample for performance expectancy (pe) and artificial intelligence adoption

Section D: Effort Expectancy (EE) and Artificial Intelligence Adoption

No Statement 1 2 3 4 5
D1 Learning how to use AI technology is easy for me.
D2 My interaction with AI tools is clear and understandable.
D3 I find AI effortless to use.
D4 It is easy for me to become skillful at using AI.
D5 It is easy for me to use AI tools to manage my workload in the organization.
D6 Learning how to use AI tools for communication is easy for me.
D7 It is convenient to provide service using AI tools.
D8 It is easy to complete complex HR tasks.

Item 1-4 adapted from Baabdullah (2024), Item 5-8 adapted from Venkatesh (2012).

Section E: Social Influence and AI Adoption

No Statement 1 2 3 4 5
E1 People who are important to me think that I should use AI technology in the workplace.
E2 People who influence my behavior think that I should accept and use AI tools.
E3 People whose opinions I value prefer that I use AI technology.
E4 Coworkers who are important to me would think that I should use AI.
E5 Peers who influence my behavior would think that I should use AI to complete the tasks.
E6 My superiors, who influence my behavior, would think that I should use AI.
E7 My superiors, to whom I report, would think that I should use AI.
E8 My business partners would think that I should use AI.

Item 1-3 adapted from Venkatesh et al. (2012), Item 3-8 adapted from Cao et al. (2021)

Section F: Facilitating Condition and AI Adoption

No Statement 1 2 3 4 5
F1 I have the resources necessary to use AI.
F2 I know what is necessary to understand AI.
F3 AI is compatible with other technologies I use.
F4 I can get help from others when I have difficulties using AI.

Item 1-4 adapted from Cao et al. (2021)

Section G: Technology competency (TC) and AI Adoption

No Statement 1 2 3 4 5
G1 Our company’s technology infrastructure is available to support AI tools.
G2 Our company is dedicated to ensuring that HR employees are familiar with AI tools.
G3 Our company has a high level of expertise with AI tools.

Item 1-3 adapted from Islam et al. (2023)

Section H: Top management support (TMS) and AI Adoption

No Statement 1 2 3 4 5
H1 Top managers support AI adoption by providing labor resources, finances, and materials.
H2 Top management inspires employees to apply the latest AI technologies in daily work.
H3 The top management of my organization encourages innovation.
H4 My organization’s top management is willing to take the risks involved in adopting AI technologies.
H5 My organization’s top management is likely to consider implementing AI strategically important.

Item 1-5 adapted from Islam et al. (2023)

Section I: Competitive pressure (CP)and AI Adoption

No Statement 1 2 3 4 5
I1 The company thinks that AI adoption influences competitiveness in the industry.
I2 The company is under pressure from competitors to adopt AI.
I3 Some competitors have already started using AI for Risk forecasting and premium calculations.
I4 My organization’s top management is willing to take the risks involved in adopting AI technologies.

Item 1-4 adapted from Islam et al. (2023)

Section J: Emotional Intelligence (EI) and AI Adoption

No Statement 1 2 3 4 5
J1 Overall, I’m a highly motivated person to use AI technology in an organization.
J2 I feel that I have several good qualities.
J3 I’m usually able to influence the way other people feel.
J4 Overall, I’m able to handle stress.

Item 1-4 adapted from Lipson, A. (2020).

Quantitative Survey Questionnaire Sample: Communication Research

An example of a complete survey questionnaire is shown below. The title of the research project is “An Examination of the Correlation Between Social Media Engagement and Citizen Journalism Practice”. It is a sample Google Form questionnaire. The author shares a link to the online questionnaire with respondents, who complete it at their convenience. It is the most recent example of a questionnaire designed in accordance with APA 7th edition guidelines.

Quantitative Research Title: An Examination of the Correlation Between Social Media Engagement and Citizen Journalism Practice.

Dear Participants,
I invite you to participate in this quantitative research project by completing the following survey questionnaires. This study intends to examine the Correlation Between Social Media Engagement and Citizen Journalism Practice. It requires approximately 5-7 minutes to complete the questionnaires. Thank you for taking the time to assist me with this research. Under no circumstances are you obliged to answer any of the questions; however, doing so will greatly assist me in completing my research and enhance my understanding of this research focus. The data collected will remain confidential and will be used solely for academic purposes.

SECTION A. Demographic Questions

Instructions: Please complete this section by circling the following answers

A1. What is your gender?

  1. Male
  2. Female

A2. How old are you?

  1. 18-23
  2. 24-28
  3. 29-33
  4. Above 33

A3. What is Your Nationality?

  1. Malaysian
  2. Non-Malaysian

A4. What is your race?

  1. Malay
  2. Chinese
  3. Indian
  4. Please specify

A5. What is your level of education?

  1. STPM
  2. Matric
  3. Diploma
  4. Foundation
  5. Undergraduate
  6. Masters
  7. PhD

A6. What is the Year of Study

  1. Year 1-2
  2. Year 3-4
  3. Above 5

A7. What is your family’s monthly income?

  1. Less thanRM2000
  2. RM2001 – RM4000
  3. RM4001 to RM6000
  4. Over RM6000

Section B: The Use of Social Media for Citizen Journalism

Please read the definition of social media-based citizen journalism and keep it in mind when you answer the following questions. Social media-based citizen journalism refers to the generation and sharing of news events (personal, social, educational, entertainment, political, and crime-related) on social networking sites by ordinary people.

B1. What types of social networking sites do you use most to practice citizen journalism?

  1. Facebook
  2. Twitter
  3. LinkedIn
  4. Instagram
  5. WhatsApp
  6. Please specify…

B2. How much time do you spend on social media-based citizen journalism in a day?

  1. Less than 1 hour per day
  2. About 1 – 2 hours per day
  3. About 2 – 4 hours per day
  4. More than 5 hours per day

B3. Why do you use social media to practice citizen journalism?

  1. To report real-time news
  2. To entertain friends
  3. For educating people about social awareness
  4. To shape public opinion
  5. For others, please specify

B4. How many social media sites do you use to practice citizen journalism?

  1. Only 1 account
  2. 2 – 4 accounts
  3. 5 accounts and above

B5. What time of the day do you normally access social media?

  1. Morning
  2. Afternoon
  3. Evening
  4. At night

B6. Which day of the week do you mostly access social media?

  1. During weekdays
  2. During weekends

Section C: Performance Expectancy of Social Media Engagement for Citizen Journalism

C8. What is your performance expectancy of the use of social media to practice citizen journalism?

Instruction: Please answer the following section based on the following scale:

  1. Strongly Disagree
  2. Disagree
  3. Somewhat Agree
  4. Agree
  5. Strongly Agree
No Statement 1 2 3 4 5
C1 I would find social media useful in practicing citizen journalism.
C2 Using social media enables me to share news events more quickly.
C3 Using social media increases my productivity in reporting real-time news.
C4 Social media increases my mastery of what is happening globally.
C5 Social media helps me see what news is important to my friends and co-workers.
C6 Using social media can increase my chances of creating and sharing informative news events.
C7 Using social media will allow me to spend less time reporting and consuming news.

Items 1-3 were adapted from Venkatesh et al. (2003), Items 4-5 were adapted from Peng and Miller (2021), and Item 6-7 was adapted from Puriwat and Tripopsakul (2021).

Section D: Effort Expectancy of Social Media Engagement for Citizen Journalism

D9. What is your expected effort in the use of social media to practice citizen journalism?

In conclusion, an effective survey questionnaire is paramount for successful data collection.

No Statement 1 2 3 4 5
D1 My citizen journalism exercise using social media would be straightforward and easy to understand.
D2 It would be easy for me to apply my content writing skills on social media.
D3 I would find social media-based citizen journalism easy to use.
D4 Learning to operate social media to practice citizen journalism is easy for me.
D5 It is easy for me to become a freedom journalist using social media for news updates.
D6 It is easy for me to consume news on social media.
D7 It is convenient to share the news with friends on social media.
D8 Using social media will help me to spread the emergency news faster.

Items 1-3 were adapted from Venkatesh et al. (2003), Items 4-7 were adapted from Peng and Miller (2021), and Item 8 was adapted from Puriwat and Tripopsakul (2021).

Section E: Social Influence of Social Media Engagement for Citizen Journalism

What is the social influence of social media engagement for citizen journalism?

No Statement 1 2 3 4 5
E1 People who are important to me think that I should use social media for news sharing.
E2 The senior students at my university recommend that I use social media to find academic news.
E3 People important to me talk with me about the news they saw on social media.
E4 I observed my friends sharing news on social media.
E5 I found my important friends discussing the news they read on social media.
E6 It makes me feel proud when my friends praise me for sharing informative news on social media.
E7 I become motivated when my social media friends benefit from my reporting.
E8 People around me consider it appropriate to use social media for news.

Items 1-2 were adapted from Venkatesh et al. (2003), Items 3-5 were adapted from Peng and Miller (2021), Items 6-7 were set by the Authors, and Item 8 was adapted from Puriwat and Tripopsakul (2021).

Section F: The Use of Social Media to Practice Citizen Journalism

No Statement 1 2 3 4 5
E1 I often use social media to share news content.
E2 I have been using social media regularly to report real-time news with friends.
E3 To report real-time news to friends, I use social media regularly.
E4 In my daily life, I use social media to share news events.
E5 I use online social networking sites to keep up with hard news.
E6 I use social networking sites to post about events in my area.
E7 Whenever I need to read viral news, I check social media.

Item 1-5 adapted from Puriwat and Tripopsakul (2021), Item 5-7 set by the Authors

This research emphasizes the importance of designing a robust survey questionnaire. Importance of robust survey questionnaire design:

  • Ensures accurate data collection
  • Enhances reliability and validity
  • Improves respondent engagement
  • Facilitates better analysis and insights

References (APA-7th Edition): Scholarly Sources

  • Almarashda, H. A. H. A., Baba, I. B., Ramli, A. A., Memon, A. H., & Rahman, I. A. (2021). Human resource management and technology development in artificial intelligence adoption in the UAE energy sector. Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences, 11(2), 69-76.
  • Baabdullah, A. M. (2024). The precursors of AI adoption in business: Towards efficient decision-making and functional performance. International Journal of Information Management, 75, 102745.
  • Cao, G., Duan, Y., Edwards, J. S., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2021). Understanding managers’ attitudes and behavioral intentions towards using artificial intelligence for organizational decision-making. Technovation, 106, 102312.
  • Islam, M. A., Aldaihani, F. M. F., & Saatchi, S. G. (2023). Artificial intelligence adoption among human resource professionals: Does market turbulence play a role?. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 42(6), 59-74.
  • Jadhav, D. (2021). Understanding artificial intelligence adoption, implementation, and use in small and medium enterprises in India (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University).
  • Lipson, A. (2020). The Moderating Role of Emotional Intelligence on the Relationship between Job Resources and Employee Engagement (Doctoral dissertation, San Jose State University).
  • Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y., & Xu, X. (2012). Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS Quarterly, 157-178.