News Values in Journalism Definition Types and Examples

This feature explains the concept of news values in journalism. It also describes the 12 types of news values in journalism with examples.

News Values in Journalism

News value in journalism refers to the significant elements of newsworthiness. Journalist focuses on maintaining news values to increase newsworthiness. The news values in journalism are components that significantly influence newsworthiness; therefore, they are also known as the elements of newsworthiness. The importance of news is a common principle determining how media outlets prioritize the news story. The components of newsworthiness set the importance of the news story.

The 12 news values in journalism are Proximity, Controversy, Personal Influence, Suitability, Impact, Bizarre, Human-Interest, Timeliness, Progress, Genuineness, Completeness, and Negativeness. These elements of newsworthiness determine whether the news is necessary for the readers. They are also called news determinants. Hence, media practitioners have long focused on these elements to increase the value of news.

However, the social and political contexts can affect news values; for example, in North Korea, media outlets cannot publish controversial or negative news. In North Korea, the news media are regulated under the authoritarian theory of the press; therefore, these media do not acknowledge negativeness as a news value or newsworthiness. Journalists are unable to publish the information that they want.

Print journalism is one of the primary forms of journalism in mass media, following broadcast and online journalism. It has different forms of journalism: art journalism, investigative journalism, sports journalism, and yellow journalism. The journalists focus on news value to collect and publish news through newspapers. The news value in journalism has become crucial in justifying the importance of the news leads and stories.

Types of News Values in Journalism

The 12 News Values in Journalism are:

Proximity
Personal influence
Controversy
Suitability
Impact
Bizarre
Human Interest
Timeliness
Progress
Genuineness
Completeness
Negativeness

News Values in Journalism- 12 News Values in Journalism Definition & Example. 12 Elements of Newsworthiness.

1. Proximity

Proximity refers to the area around the event where the incident occurs. It also indicates the location of the news event. Proximity is one of the significant news values in journalism. The proximity or location of a news event affects its value. The closer the place is, the more interested you are in reading the information. Readers are more excited to read a news story if it occurs near them. So, proximity positively affects newsworthiness; hence, it is a significant element.

Proximity News Example

For example, “Water pollution problem in Johor Bahru.”

Another example of the news value of proximity:

“Local Charity Provides Thanksgiving Meals to Families in Need”

In the heart of our community, a local charity, ‘Hope for All,’ organized a Thanksgiving meal distribution event yesterday, bringing warmth and nourishment to families facing hardship this holiday season. Located blocks away from our neighborhood, the charity’s volunteers gathered at the community center to assemble and distribute hundreds of turkey dinners with all the trimmings to residents in need.

This story highlights the proximity news value by focusing on an event that directly impacts the local community. By reporting on initiatives like ‘Hope for All,’ which operates within proximity to the readership area, the news story resonates with the audience’s experiences and concerns, fostering a sense of connection and solidarity within the community.

2. Controversial

Controversy means a conflicting news story that adds newsworthiness. It is also known as disagreement of the news event: the more controversial the news, the more critical the report to the readers. Controversy attracts readers to the information, which adds a sense of drama to the news story. People are always eager to identify the truth behind the conflict. So, controversy is another crucial news value in journalism or an element of newsworthiness.

For example, the BJP minister says that the Taj Mahal was a Shiva temple long ago. Malaysia Airlines flight MH370: explaining media controversy.

3. Personal Influence

Personal influence refers to a person’s prominence in newsworthiness. A famous person always plays a significant role in increasing the news value. Therefore, the media covers news about well-known people, including politicians, sportspeople, and celebrities. The audience feels a close connection with their idols. For example, the followers of Lionel Messi, also a famous football player, will read any news related to Messi. The most prominent person values the news the most. The person can be an athlete, an artist, a politician, or a social worker.

For Example, Profile Feature Article: The Amazing Life of Paul McCartney.

4. Suitability

Suitability refers to the extent of public involvement in the topics. The news story is more newsworthy if more people are involved with the issue. It is also known as the much-talked-about issue in the country. The more people involved, the greater the value of the news in journalism.

For example, around 30,000 students at the University of Putra Malaysia have registered for vaccination.

Also, “Many were killed in the crash, 1 million youths gathered in Putrajaya.”

5. Impact

Impact refers to the physical influence of news writing on a large audience. The effect of news value on audience engagement is significant—the more people engage with the news, the more critical the topic. For example, price hikes have been the most relevant issue in attracting people to read any updated news related to the topic. Therefore, the News media feel interested in covering any news related to price hiking. It has a significant impact on audiences.

For example, “Inflation cooled last month, but some price hikes continue to cause pain.”

6. Bizarre News Value

Bizarre is a significant element in increasing the value of the news. Bizarre means strange; naturally, people like to read, watch, and talk about weird issues. Therefore, journalists publish strange events to attract audiences. It added value to the news and boosted circulation.

For Example, “Africa’s Real-Life Mowgli Loves to Live Amid Trees.”

7. Human-Interest

Human-interest news stories automatically attract a massive number of people. It includes the much-talked-about event and the country’s issues. International topics have also become human-interest stories due to globalization. For example, during the FIFA World Cup, people worldwide talk about Football everywhere. So, journalists carefully pick a story topic to get more viewers.

For example. “World Cup 2026 Qualifiers: Schedule, scores, dates, standings.”

8. Timeliness (Fast News)

Timeliness in journalism means providing information to the audience quickly. The sooner the news is published, the more critical it is to reach the audience. Journalists want to publish news as soon as possible to enhance the media outlet’s corporate reputation. The audience gives greater weight to the mass media outlet that first disseminates the news.

Timeliness is an occasion that enhances the value of news. People do not like to read the same news repeatedly; therefore, news outlets show interest in disseminating information as soon as possible. It is related to current and ongoing events. For example, many newspapers publish news about the Olympics as the event continues. Newspapers will not be interested in disseminating information about the Olympic Games when the event ends.

For example, in May 2021, many passengers were injured due to the LRT crash. Many news outlets cover the news to get the audience’s attention. However, people give more importance to the newspapers that publish the news quickly.

For example: “Malaysia LRT crash: Train was driven in the wrong direction, 6 critically injured.”

9. Progress

Progress news in journalism refers to the sensational updates of current events that journalists focus on to attract a larger audience. It adds massive significance to the news story to attract the audience. Progress news is always attractive to the audience for its advancement. The progress news is delivered through press conferences and seminars.

For example, the health ministry disseminates the updated number of COVID-19-affected patients through press conferences. So, it is an example of a progress news story.

10 Genuineness News Value

Genuine news means an authentic story collected from a trustworthy source. People always want to know the facts about the news. The audience determines the authenticity of the news through the genuineness of the witness and the trustworthiness of the source.

For example, according to the WHO, 192 million people have been affected by the coronavirus, and 4.13 million people have died. Most people will believe this news because the World Health Organization (WHO) disseminates it through press conferences.

11. Completeness

Complete news includes the 5Ws and 1 H news writing methods. The five Ws and one H report writing rules indicate the who, what, when, where, why, and how. A journalist should find all these questions to make the report comprehensive for the audience. People do not like incomplete news and ambiguous information. Therefore, reporters must focus on the inverted pyramid news-writing formula to produce complete news. 5W and 1H reporting strategies to make the report more attractive and more readily accepted by readers.

In conclusion, every reporter needs to follow these four key elements to make the news more engaging for the audience.

12. Negativeness

Negative news spreads faster than positive news. People discuss and share adverse events more than ordinary news. Negative news occurs for a shorter period than positive news. Netizens share this type of news excessively on social media. Therefore, negative news goes viral quickly. Online newspapers disseminate negative news, and social media is a common source of it. The easy accessibility of social media and the publishing of user-generated content significantly encouraged people to spread fake news.

For example, “Katie Price arrested on suspicion of ‘drink driving’ and taken to hospital after crash.”

Conclusion

The 12 news values in journalism are Proximity, Controversy, Personal Influence, Suitability, Impact, Bizarre, Human-Interest, Timeliness, Progress, Genuineness, Completeness, and Negativeness, which increase newsworthiness. Apart from the 12 news values, romance, crime, and technology are other elements.

Survey Questionnaire Introduction Writing Sample For Research Paper

Questionnaire Introduction Example. Survey Introduction Sample For Students. Also, the Survey Questionnaire Introduction Sample For the Research Paper

Survey Questionnaire

A survey questionnaire is a set of questions designed to conduct survey research for academic and business purposes. The researchers set survey questionnaires to collect data for quantitative analysis. The survey questionnaire aims to collect data from respondents. The survey questionnaire has three sections: questionnaire introduction, demographic questions or respondents’ personal information, and research questions. Many researchers term quantitative research questionnaires as survey questions or surveys. However, the questionnaire differs from the quantitative survey and qualitative interview questions. The Survey and questionnaire introduction is the opening section of the questionnaire.

Questionnaire Introduction

The questionnaire introduction refers to the explanation part of the research questions and the preface of the questionnaire. It is also known as the survey introduction, which explains 5WS and 1 H questions regarding the research, such as who is collecting the data, the objective of the study, and how to collect the data. The questionnaire’s introduction also describes how the researcher collects data from where. It also includes the objective of the research for the respondents and informants. Finally, the questionnaire introduction section ensures that the participants or recipients will keep the survey data anonymous and confidential.

The four elements of the questionnaire introduction are the student or researcher’s name, representing the Institute or Organization name, the objective of the research, data confidentiality, and anonymity.

The author has collected a few examples of questionnaire introductions from the final-year students at UPM to present to new researchers. So, these examples will surely assist undergraduate, master’s, and Ph.D. students in completing their thesis and dissertation. In addition, the researchers might obtain comprehensive knowledge on how to write the questionnaire’s introduction and set questions.

Questionnaire Sample For Research Paper

Survey Questionnaire Introduction Example

The author shows questionnaire introduction examples for the thesis, dissertation, and research paper. So, the undergraduate and postgraduate students get ideas on how to write a survey questionnaire introduction. Additionally, examples of questionnaire introductions for research have been displayed for researchers. The questionnaire introduction is also known as the survey introduction.

Questionnaire Introduction Example- Survey introduction Sample

Example of Research Questionnaire Introduction

Thesis Title: An Examination of the Relationship Between Social Media Engagement and Citizen Journalism Practice

Dear Participants,
I am inviting you to participate in this research by completing the following survey. The aim of this research is to examine the Relationship Between Social Media Engagement and Citizen Journalism Practice. The following questionnaire will require approximately 5-10 minutes to complete. Thank you for taking your time in assisting me with this research. Under no circumstances are you obliged to answer any of the questions, however, doing so will greatly assist me to complete my research and enhance the understanding of this research focus. The data collected will remain confidential and used solely for academic purposes.
Sincerely,
M M Kobiruzzaman  
Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication
University Putra Malaysia
Supervisor: Associate Professor Dr. Mohd Nizam Osman

Online Questionnaire Link

Questionnaire Introduction Example For a Quantitative Thesis

Title: The Antecedent of Artificial Intelligence Adoption Among Human Resource Professionals in Tourism & Hospitality Industry in Malaysia.

Dear Participants,

I am inviting you to participate in this research by providing information based on the following survey questions. This research aims to examine the antecedents of Artificial Intelligence (AI) adoption among HR professionals in the tourism and hospitality industry in Malaysia. The following questionnaire will require approximately 5-10 minutes to complete. Thank you for investing your time in this research. Under no circumstances are you obliged to answer any of the questions; however, doing so will greatly assist me in completing my research and enhancing my understanding of this research focus. The data collected will remain confidential and will be used solely for academic purposes.

Sincerely,
M M Kobiruzzaman
SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
Universiti Putra Malaysia

Example of Quantitative Research Questionnaire-1

Research Title: Goals and Effectiveness of Internal Communication amongst UPM Faculty of Modern Languages and Communications Students.

Survey Questionnaire Introduction Sample For Research Paper

Dear surveyor,
I am a student studying corporate communication in the last year student of the University of Putra Malaysia. My final year project is currently underway to examine the Goals and Effectiveness of Internal Communication among UPM Faculty of Modern Languages and Communications Students. I sincerely invite you to participate in this survey by filling in the following questionnaire. Your contribution to insight is precious. As per the survey questionnaires, you need about five minutes to complete them. Finally, I assure you that I will keep the information confidential and only use it for academic purposes. Glad to get your help! Thank you!

Sincerely yours, Student or Researcher Name:(For example, David Warner)

Faculty and University name: for example, Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Email: for example, abc@gmail.com

Questionnaire Introduction Example-2

Research Title: The Emotional Impact of Peer Influence And Sexting Among University Students.

Survey Questionnaire Introduction Sample For Research Paper

Dear respondents,
I am a final year undergraduate student with a bachelor of communication at UPM. I request you to join my project by completing the following survey questionnaire. It may take around 3-5 minutes to complete the survey. However, we will use the research information for academic purposes. Additionally, we will keep your responses anonymous and confidential. Your support towards my following research will help me conduct the study ideally. Thank you very much.

Sincerely, Name(For example, John)

Questionnaire Introduction Example-3

Dissertation Title: Investigation of the influence of Infordemic on UPM students’ attitude towards Social Media

Survey Introduction Sample

Dear respondent,
I am a final year postgraduate student from the Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication at UPM. I am surveying to help better understand how accurate and inaccurate information affects students’ attitudes toward social media during the pandemic. To better understand the impact of the information epidemic, I would like to ask you some questions about the information you may be exposed to during the epidemic and your experience and feelings in the face of inaccurate and accurate information. Based on your experience, this survey may take you 5 to 8 minutes, not more than 10 minutes. Thank you for your participation.

Sincerely, (For example, Du Changmin)

Questionnaire Introduction Example-4

Survey Title: Social Media Influence on Corporate Branding for Universiti Putra Malaysia

Survey Introduction Example

Dear respondent, my name is Athaya, also a final year student at the Universiti Putra Malaysia. I am currently working on my final year research project to examine social media influence on corporate branding for Universiti Putra Malaysia. This survey questionnaire is open to local and international students from FBMK and FEP. This survey might not take more than 5 or 6 minutes.

Your participation is entirely voluntary, and all information collected in this survey will be kept strictly confidential. The information gathered will only be used for the following study purposes. You have the right to refuse to answer any questions/items or to avoid participating at any time for any reason. If you have any queries regarding the survey questions, do contact me via e-mail. Thank you for giving your valuable time to complete the following survey questionnaires.
Sincerely, (For example, Athaya)

Questionnaire Introduction Example-5

Thesis Title: The Relationship Between Cyberbullying on Social Media and The Impacts on Mental Health of Young Adults In Upm

Survey Questionnaire Introduction Sample For Research Paper

Dear participants, I am Raisa, also a student at the University of Putra Malaysia. I am requesting you to participate in this research by completing the following questionnaire. This study aims to determine the relationship between cyberbullying on social media and the impacts on the mental health of young adults in UPM. However, this questionnaire will require approximately 5-10 minutes of your cooperation.
Everyone’s experience matters in this study, and it is assured that your responses will be treated with extreme confidentiality. Thank you.
Sincerely, (For example, Raisa)

Questionnaire Introduction Example-6

Research Title: The Relationship Between Instagram Small Business Owner’s Politeness Strategies and Customer’s Satisfaction.

Survey Questionnaire Introduction Sample For Research Paper

Dear participants, my name is Alya. I am researching ‘A Language Structure Analysis on Politeness Strategies in Mobile Media and Communication Between Instagram Sellers and Undergraduates’, focusing on the interactions between Instagram small business owners and their customers. This questionnaire is open to all undergraduate students in Malaysia who have experience interacting with small Instagram sellers in Malaysia.

This questionnaire has three sections and will not take more than 10 minutes to complete. However, in one of the sections, you must upload a screenshot of conversations between the Instagram sellers.

This research is solely for academic purposes, and your assistance in completing the following questionnaire will be greatly appreciated. With the consent given by answering this survey, your participation and information will remain confidential, and anonymous and only be used for the following research purposes.
Thank you.
Sincerely, (For example, Alya)

Questionnaire Introduction Example-7

Research Project Title: The Study on Understanding the Perception of UPM Students on the Use of Online University Newspapers as Pedagogical Tools and Their Perception Towards Academic Performance

Survey Questionnaire Introduction Sample For Research Paper

Dear participants, this is Rocky, and I am inviting you to join my research project by completing the following survey questions. This study aims to understand the perception of the UPM students’ academic performance towards online university newspapers in their research. This questionnaire will require approximately 5-10 minutes of your cooperation. Your assistance in my following research will significantly help me complete my research and enhance my research ability. Thank you in advance for your cooperation.

Sincerely, (For example, Rocky)

Questionnaire Introduction Example-8

Thesis Title: Determinants of UPM Students’ Purchase Behaviour for Green Personal Care Products

Greetings from the Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia. I am Law Kai Wei, a student of Bachelor of Consumer Studies. I am currently researching my final year project entitled “Determinants of UPM Students’ Purchase Behaviour for Green Personal Care Products.”

This research investigates the factors that influence the intention and behavior to purchase green personal care products among UPM students.

This questionnaire has eight (8) sections and will only take around 10 minutes of your time. You agree that you will answer truthfully and consent to share your personal information by answering this questionnaire. Your participation will determine the accuracy and, most importantly, contribute to the success of this research. Any information given is confidentially assured, and participants will be kept anonymous.

I will very much appreciate your time and cooperation! Thank you.

Questionnaire Introduction Example-9

Thesis Title: Impact of COVID-19 on the Physical Activities and Social Interaction on the Psychological Wellbeing of Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) Students

Greetings! I am Ho Chang Xian from the Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia. I am conducting a final year project research entitled “Impact of COVID-19 on the Physical Activities and Social Interaction on the Psychological Wellbeing of Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) students.”
This research aims to determine the impact of COVID-19 on physical activity and social interaction on the psychological well-being of UPM students.
The questionnaire consists of 4 sections which are: A (Demography), B (Physical Activity), C (Social Interaction), and D (Psychology well-being).
This questionnaire should take less than 10 minutes to complete.
You hereby agree to participate in this research by clicking the following button voluntarily. Rest assured that your data will be kept confidential, and you may withdraw anytime before you submit this questionnaire.
If you have any inquiries or questions, you may contact me at:

Questionnaire Introduction Example-10

Thesis Title: The influence of the star online political news on the perception of political issues in Malaysia among upm students

Thesis Survey Introduction Example

Dear Participants,
I am researching “The Influence of The Star Online Political News on The Perception of Political Issues in Malaysia Among UPM Students.” I invite you to participate in this research by completing the following survey. This research aims to analyze the relationship between Star Online political news consumption and its influence on the perception of political issues in Malaysia among UPM students. The following questionnaire will take approximately only 5-10 minutes to complete.

I truly appreciate your valuable time and effort in helping me with this research. Under no circumstances are you obliged to answer any of these questions; however, doing so will be very helpful for me to complete my research and improve my understanding of this research. I ensure that all your information and data collected for this research will remain confidential and will be used for academic purposes only. In conclusion, the questionnaire introduction sample applies to all types of research designed to survey. Sometimes, researchers should include self-introduction shortly.

Questionnaire Introduction Example-11

Dear All,

All students are invited to participate in a study entitled, “An Exploratory Study of Cyber Sexual Harassment Among Female University Students at Higher Learning Institutions in Malaysia”.

This study aims to study the cyber sexual harassment experience among female students at higher learning institutions in Malaysia and its impact on their academic performance, health, and self-esteem. The identity of the respondents and the higher learning institutions will be maintained anonymous and the results will remain confidential.

A copy of the questions and the questionnaire link is enclosed here for your reference and further action :

https://forms.gle/v7ccusd9m3GTzUFQ6.

Survey Questionnaire Introduction Example-12

Assalamualaikum wbt, and good day,

INVITATION TO PARTICIPATE IN THE “USER’S SATISFACTION SURVEY: PERPUSTAKAAN SULTAN ABDUL SAMAD UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA.

We wish to inform you that Perpustakaan Sultan Abdul Samad, UPM is conducting a ‘User’s Satisfaction Survey’ for the year 2023. Please assist us in our efforts to improve our existing services by spending a few minutes of your time answering the survey questions. This survey is designed for students and staff in Universiti Putra Malaysia. This survey aims to acquire users’ feedback on the services, facilities, and infrastructure provided by the library. Please provide your comments and suggestions for further improving our services and facilities.

Please note that all responses are confidential and anonymous. The link to the survey questionnaire is as below:

https://forms.gle/WsW1RRMgfsqyHHHZA

Your support and cooperation are very much appreciated. For enquiries, please contact Mr. Roslan Ariffin (ra@upm.edu.my) Head of Reference Department, Perpustakaan Sultan Abdul Samad, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Thank you.

Final Year Project Survey Introduction Sample-13

Final Year Project: Perception of Green Consumption Intention Among Undergraduate Students in UPM.

Good day everyone! I am Teh Hooi Wen, a final year Bachelor of Accounting student at Universiti Putra Malaysia.

I am currently researching “Perception of Green Consumption Intention Among Undergraduate Students in UPM”. If you are a present UPM undergraduate student, I would like to invite you to participate in my research by completing this questionnaire.

It would be greatly appreciated if you could spend around 5 minutes to complete this survey. Kindly click the link below to access the questionnaire: https://forms.gle/Fz6VMRALMkMSKRPB7

Please rest assured that all the information you provide will be kept confidential and solely used for this research. Your participation in answering this questionnaire would be greatly appreciated.

If you have any inquiries, feel free to reach out to me at 206539@student.upm.edu.my.

Thank you for your time and effort.

Sincerely,
Teh Hooi Wen
Bachelor in Accounting (Honours)
School of Business and Economics
Universiti Putra Malaysia

Survey Questionnaire Introduction Sample-14

Research Topic: The Development of Career Adaptability Model for Students in Public Universities

Good day!

I am Divya, a PhD student and Graduate Research Assistant from the Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Malaysia. Currently, my supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Lau Poh Li and I are conducting a study under the FRGS Grant entitled “The Development of Career Adaptability Model for Students in Public Universities”. The study involves exploring the career development of undergraduate and postgraduate students in research public universities in Malaysia.

I would like to humbly request if it is possible to send the research survey link to the students at Universiti Putra Malaysia. I have reached out to each faculty individually. They have forwarded the link to the students, however, the response is still low and we’re in the final stage of data collection. I have attached the ethics approval received from the University of Malaya.

If you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact me on 012-000000 or e-mail me at divy@um.edu.my. Thank you for your time and consideration in this matter.

Looking forward to hearing from you. Thank you!

Survey Introduction Sample-15

This survey aims to evaluate the business strategies that enhance consumer awareness and foster a positive attitude towards green consumption.

This survey also explores how celebrities and social media platforms impact in shaping of consumer attitudes, promoting green consumption intentions.

Your thoughtful responses to the following questions are crucial. We will also make sure that your identity remains anonymous, and your opinions will be used solely for this research.

For any questions related to this survey, please contact Professor Abul Kalam, HSTU at akalamhstu@gamil.com

Instructions: Please complete this questionnaire by selecting the best response. It is important to answer all questions. It takes less than 10 minutes of your time.

Survey Introduction Sample for Students- 16

Virtual Work in the Global South

Thank you for participating in this survey!
This survey is titled “Facing the Realities of Flexibility: Shaping the Future of Virtual Work in Developing Countries”.

Purpose of the Survey: We aim to examine how HRM practices facilitate or hinder effectiveness and inclusivity in virtual work in developing countries. Your participation will help us understand how virtual work is being designed, utilized, and experienced in developing countries.
By virtual work, we refer to work that is done remotely or working from home.

Who can complete the survey?

Anyone who resides in Bangladesh, Ghana, Malaysia, or Nigeria and works/has worked virtually, remotely, or worked from home for at least one day a week for a minimum of one year.

Confidentiality: All your responses will be kept confidential. Your answers will not be identifiable in any reports or publications that may result from this study. Your anonymity and confidentiality will be protected throughout the research process. All data will be stored securely and only used for this study. We will not share your personal information with any third parties without your consent.

Participation:

Participation in this survey is entirely voluntary. You may skip any questions that make you uncomfortable, and you are free to withdraw from the survey at any time.

Time Commitment: We estimate that completing this survey will take approximately 15-20 minutes.

Risks and Benefits: There are no known risks associated with participating in this survey. Please note that there are no financial benefits associated with completing this survey; however, we appreciate your time and effort. The potential benefits include contributing valuable insights that will help us understand how virtual work is being designed, utilized, and experienced in developing countries.

Contact Information:

If you have any questions about this survey or your rights as a participant, please contact Dr Olatunji Adekoya (Sheffield Hallam University) at Adekoya@shu.ac.uk

By clicking “Next” or proceeding with the survey, you indicate that you have read and understood this information and consent to participate in this study.
Thank you for your willingness to participate!

When you submit this form, it will not automatically collect your details like name and email address, unless you provide them yourself.

I agree to participate in this survey