Best Private University in Malaysia 2026 For International Students

Top QS-Ranked Private University in Malaysia 2026. Top 20 Best Private Universities in Malaysia.

Best Private University in Malaysia

The best private universities are the best non-government educational institutes in Malaysia that provide foundation, diploma, bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. programs. The five types of academic institutions in Malaysia are public universities, private universities, university colleges, training centers, and language centers. Malaysia holds more than 100 educational institutes, including public and private universities. Malaysia also hosts many reputable foreign university campuses from the USA, UK, Australia, Ireland, and China, among others. According to the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia, there are currently 20 public universities, 50 private universities, 34 university colleges, 10 foreign university campuses, and more than 50 language institutes.

Top QS-Ranked Private University in Malaysia 2026

According to the QS World University Rankings, Taylor’s University is the top-ranked private university in Malaysia, ranking 253rd in 2026. Additionally, UCSI University ranked 269th, Sunway University 410th, and INTI International University ranked 509th.

The list of the top QS world ranked private universities in Malaysia is as follows:

Taylor’s University Kuala Lumpur 253
UCSI University Kuala Lumpur 269
Sunway University Kuala Lumpur 410
INTI International University Nilai 509
Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) Kuala Lumpur 551
Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation (APU) Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 597
Management and Science University (MSU) Shah Alam 597
Lincoln University College Kuala Lumpur 638
SEGi UNIVERSITY Kota Damansara, Kuala Lumpur 731-740
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) Kampar, Perak 791-800
Multimedia University (MMU) Cyberjaya 851-900
University of Cyberjaya Cyberjaya 951-1000
Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL) Kuala Lumpur 1201-1400

The Best Private Universities in Malaysia

The list of the Top Private Universities in Malaysia is:
  1. Taylor’s University
  2. UCSI University
  3. Sunway University
  4. INTI International University
  5. Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN)
  6. Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation (APU)
  7. Management and Science University (MSU)
  8. Lincoln University College
  9. SEGi UNIVERSITY
  10. Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR)
  11. Multimedia University (MMU)
  12. University of Cyberjaya
  13. University Kuala Lumpur (UniKL)
  14. Mahsa University
  15. Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL)
  16. HELP University
  17. Putra Business School (UPM)
  18. City University
  19. Nilai University
  20. UNIRAZAK University
  21. UNITAR International University (UNITAR)
  22. AIMST University
  23. Limkokwing University

Best Private University in Malaysia

1. Taylor’s University

Taylor is the best private university in Malaysia, according to the QS World University Rankings, and has a lakeside campus. The lakeside campus is located in Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. Taylor’s University ranks 251st in the QS World Rankings 2026. Therefore, it is the best-ranked university for its ranking, campus location, infrastructure development, and American degree program. It offers courses in engineering, business studies, tourism and hospitality, and law. Taylor is the best private university in Malaysia for law. Taylor’s University’s tuition fees appear reasonable compared to those of other top-ranked universities globally.

This university offers credit transfer degrees to America, the UK, Canada, and Australia. Students can transfer credit to America after completing 65 credits. The American credit transfer program applies to Bachelor’s degrees in Business, Computer Science, Engineering, and Liberal Arts. The postgraduate student can transfer credits to an American university and be admitted to the Master of Communication program.

Taylor's University Lakeside Campus

Taylor’s University Fees From the Official Website

2. UCSI University
UCSI is one of the best private universities in Malaysia, offering programs in engineering, IT, management, multimedia, creative arts, pharmacy, music, and applied science. It provides all types of courses, including foundation, diploma, bachelor’s, and postgraduate programs, including master’s and Ph.D. Programs.
The address of UCSI University is UCSI Heights, 1, Jalan Puncak Menara Gading, Taman Connaught, 56000 Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Additionally, it has three additional campuses in Malaysia: the KL Campus, the Sarawak Campus, and the Terengganu Campus. It holds more than 10,000 international students.
3. Sunway University
Sunway University is a prominent private university in Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, recognized for its academic quality and high graduate employability rates. The university operates as a non-profit entity under the Jeffrey Cheah Foundation and is affiliated with the broader Sunway Education Group. It is well-respected for its campus amenities and its diverse, multicultural student population.
Campus: Located within Sunway City, the campus is known for its modern facilities and connectivity to amenities via the “canopy walk,” which links it to the Sunway Pyramid Mall, Sunway Medical Centre,

 

Overall Rankings

    • QS World University Rankings: Ranked #410 in the QS World University Rankings 2026.
    • Times Higher Education (THE): Placed in the 401–500 band globally for the THE World University Rankings 2025.
    • AppliedHE: Named #1 private university in ASEAN for 2023 and 2024.
4. INTI International University

The main campus of the INTI International University is located at Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. It also has three campuses in Malaysia: Subang Jaya, Penang, and Sabah. The Subang Jaya campus is located in Kuala Lumpur. Since 1986, INTI University has produced more than 55,000 graduates. It has become one of Malaysia’s most famous private universities for its teaching strategy, sophisticated management tools, and global resources.

Additionally, INTI University collaborated with top-ranked international universities to conduct the mobility program. Moreover, it collaborated with over 400 local and international companies, including IBM, TM, PayPal Malaysia, DiGi Telecommunications Sdn Bhd, KPMG, and Huawei. It is the most renowned university in Malaysia for offering the American Credit Transfer Program.

INTI International University Fees 2026

The most famous programs are BBA, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Science, Information Technology, and Bachelor’s in Biotechnology. In addition, INTI offers dual programs at Sheffield Hallam University, UK, including a BA (Hons) in Graphic Design, a BA (Hons) in Fashion Management & Communication, and a BA (Hons) in Interior Design. INTI is the best private university in Malaysia for law (UK Degree Transfer Programme for 2 Years). Similarly, students at INTI University can experience the American Degree Transfer Program (AUP).

5. Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN)

University Tenaga Nasional is the most renowned energy university in Malaysia. UNITEN is the short form of University Tenaga Nasional. It is a semi-government university located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. UNITEN was established in 1997 by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). According to the QS World University Rankings, UNITEN ranked 701–750 for its outstanding achievements.

University Tenaga Nasional is one of the best universities in Malaysia for offering Engineering programs, including Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electrical Power Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Science (System and Networking), Computer Science (Software Engineering), Computer Science (Cybersecurity), and more.

6. Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation (APU)

Asia Pacific University (APU) is one of the best private universities in Malaysia, also known as the Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation (APU). The main campus of APU is located at Technology Park Malaysia, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia. So, it is only 15 kilometers from the Petronas Twin Towers and 50 kilometers from Kuala Lumpur International Airport. APU achieved the 5-Star under the SETARA- 2018 for its outstanding performance in the education sector. According to the Asia University Ranking 2022, APU ranks globally among Asia’s top 10 private universities and 300 universities overall. The students won multiple awards for outstanding performance; for example, in 2018, APU won the ASEAN Virtual Business Plan competition award. The APIIT accepted the prestigious Prime Minister’s Award in March 2011.

Asia Pacific University (APU) Tuition Fees 2026

APU is one of the top private universities in Malaysia for offering diverse programs in engineering, business, management, finance, technology, and information. It is a famous university for offering information technology-related programs, including artificial intelligence, computer game development, and cybersecurity. It also provides foundation, diploma, bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. programs for local and international students. APU is the best private university in Malaysia for engineering studies.

7. Management and Science University (MSU)

Management and Science University (MSU) has become one of Malaysia’s top 20 private universities for securing jobs for its graduates; according to the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia 2025, around 98 percent of MSU graduates secure jobs within one year of graduation. It was established in 2001 in Shah Alam, Selangor.

The campus address of Management and Science University is University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. It is also located in the capital of Malaysia and very near the international airport.

Management and Science University (MSU) Fees 2026

MSU is the best private university in Malaysia for medicine and computer science, engineering, business, law, information technology, visual arts, and law studies. Additionally, it offers diplomas and bachelor’s degrees in traditional Chinese medicine. It also shows the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS), biomedical science, and pharmacy.

8. Lincoln University

Lincoln University (LU) is a private higher education institution in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, recognized by the Ministry of Higher Education and the Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA). Established in 2002 as Lincoln College, it attained university college status in 2011.

LU provides a range of diplomas, undergraduate, and postgraduate courses. Among the doctoral choices are the Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Economics, Master of Nursing, Master of Science in Civil Engineering, and Master of Medical Sciences. The undergraduate offerings consist of the Bachelor of Nursing (Public Health) and the Bachelor of Business Administration in Airline and Airport Management.

Campus Locations
  • Main Campus Address: No. 12, 14, 16 & 18, Jalan SS 6/12, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • Kota Bharu Campus: Jalan Lembah Sireh, Kampung Putih, 15050, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
9. SEGi University

SEGi University has been recognized as one of the top private research universities for providing quality education and maintaining an academic environment. It was established in 1977, and the main campus is located at Kota Damansara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Apart from the main campus, it has four more campuses in Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur, Subang Jaya, Penang, and Sarawak. It has collaborated with the following universities: Abertay University in Scotland, The University of Southern Queensland in Australia, The University of Sunderland in the UK, the University of York St John, and the University of Greenwich.

SEGi University Tuition Fees 2026

SEGi is the best private university in Malaysia for offering a diverse range of programs, including foundation, diploma, bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. programs. It is also the best private university in Malaysia for medicine, computer science, engineering, and business studies.

10. Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR)

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) is a prominent private university in Malaysia that operates as a not-for-profit institution, founded in 2002 under the UTAR Education Foundation to offer quality higher education at an affordable price. The university is recognized for its robust programs across diverse disciplines, an impressive graduate employability rate, and a culturally diverse academic atmosphere.

UTAR offers more than 140 globally recognized programs, ranging from Foundation Studies to Bachelor’s, Master’s, and PhD degrees. These programs are sanctioned by the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), and many have received full accreditation from the Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA).

Rankings and Achievements
QS World University Rankings 2026: Positioned within the #791–800 bracket worldwide.
QS Asia University Rankings 2026: Advanced to #109 in Asia and #26 in Southeast Asia.
Times Higher Education (THE): Featured in the THE World University Rankings and acknowledged for its influence on sustainability and community-focused projects.

11. Multimedia University (MMU)

Multimedia University (MMU) is a Malaysian semi-government research university founded in 1996. MMU has three campuses in Malaysia: Cyberjaya, Johor, and Malacca. It ranked among the top five universities in Malaysia in 2025 for its outstanding teaching performance. MMU’s main campus is at Persiaran Multimedia, 63100 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia. Cyberjaya is known as the Silicon Valley of Malaysia, a prime part of the Multimedia Super Corridor.

Multimedia University (MMU) Cyberjaya, Malaysia
Multimedia University (MMU) Cyberjaya, Malaysia
Multimedia University (MMU) Tuition Fees 2024

MMU is the best private university for computer science, specializing in software engineering, game development, data science, and cybersecurity. MMU provides up to 100 percent scholarship for the master’s program by research and Ph.D. Additionally, it helps undergraduate students secure a President’s Merit and Talent Scholarship. MMU allows students to join the intake with only one semester’s tuition fees. So, local and international students can start their studies after paying one semester’s tuition fees in 2024. MMU is also an affordable university in Malaysia for international students.

12. University of Cyberjaya (UoC)

University of Cyberjaya (UoC) is a private university established in 2005. The main campus is located at Cyberjaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Cyberjaya is the most beautiful and organized town in Malaysia. The former name of this university is Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences (CUCMS). It is the most notable university for the MBBS program. UoC offers medical courses at a lower cost than other universities in Malaysia. It enrolls around 6,000 students from more than 50 countries. The University of Cyberjaya’s fees are lower than those of other universities in Malaysia.

 

The University of Cyberjaya offers diverse courses for international students, including medicine & bachelor of Surgery (MBBS), Pharmacy, Homeopathic Medical Science, Psychology, Physiotherapy, and more. It also offers a Doctor of Pharmacy, a Ph.D. in Science, and a Ph.D. in Medical.

13. University Kuala Lumpur (UniKL)

Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL) is another semi-government university, followed by the UNITEN and MMU. UniKL is a technology-specialized university with more than ten campuses across Malaysia. Majlis Amanah Rakyat established this university in 2002.  Malaysia’s Ministry of Rural and Regional Development directly regulates and governs this university. UniKL is a remarkable university for offering an aircraft engineering technology program for local and international students.

UniKL offers a diverse program for engineering students, including electrical and electronics, biomedical laboratory science, air conditioning and industrial refrigeration, automotive maintenance, avionics maintenance, helicopter maintenance, chemical engineering technology, and computer and software engineering.

Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL) also offers medically related programs, including pharmacy, nursing, radiography, physiotherapy, and MBBS.

14. Mahsa University

Mahsa University operates the administrative and academic activities from its main campus in Bandar Saujana Putra, 42610, Selangor, Malaysia. The Ministry of Education in Malaysia announced the establishment of an online university. So, it offers physical and virtual classes for international students via online meeting platforms.

Mahsa University Tuition Fees 2026

Mahsa is one of the top private universities in Malaysia for studying MBBS. It offers biosciences, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy, and health science programs. Mahsa also provides hospitality management, business, finance, information technology, and engineering programs. It also offers a dual-award program for local and international students.

 

15. Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL)

Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL) was established in 1998. IUKL is a private university, and its campus is located in Kajang, between Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) and Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). It ranked among the 45 top universities in Malaysia, including public and private institutions. It is an exceptional university in Malaysia for offering a landscape architecture program. IUKL provides a range of courses for science, commerce, and art students.

The university address is as follows: Block 11, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur De Centrum City, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, 43000 Kajang, Selangor.

16. HELP University

HELP University is a notable private institute in Malaysia that offers medical and business-related programs. It was established in 1986, and its main campus is at the heart of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The campus address is Bukit Damansara, 50490 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

The website link is: https://university.help.edu.my.

17. Putra Business School (UPM)

Putra Business School is an AACSB and ABEST21-accredited private institute in Malaysia established in 1997. This campus is located within the University Putra Malaysia campus, near University Tenaga National (UNITEN) and Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL). However, PBS offers only postgraduate courses, including master’s and Ph.D. It enrolls around 4000 students globally. Master of Business Administration is the most famous program provided by PBS.

Putra Business School (PBS)
Putra Business School (PBS)

PBS produces a large number of leaders and skilled employees each year. Many students start successful new businesses. This school teaches how to start and regulate a business. It also guides the production of a business report before beginning a new business.

18. City University

City University is located in the heart of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It has been in operation since 1984, making it one of the oldest private universities in Malaysia. The Malaysian Qualifications Agency accredits City University. The Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China has recognized city universities. City University maintains a 4-star (Excellent Rating) under the SETARA 2017. It provides a conditional offer letter, so students do not need to pay before admission.

City University Tuition Fees 2026

City University is the best private university in Malaysia for graphic design & multimedia, culinary art, fashion design, interior design, etc. It also offers diplomas in nursing, medical lab technology, and occupational safety & health programs. Besides MMU, City is another of the cheapest private universities in Malaysia for international students. 

19. Nilai University

Private University is a private university in Malaysia established in 1997. It is also a remarkable university for offering a diploma in aircraft maintenance engineering. It offers numerous programs, including foundation, diploma, bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. The campus is located at Putra Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan.

20. UNIRAZAK University

UNIRAZAK is a leading private university in Malaysia, established in 1997. The main is located at the heart of Kuala Lumpur city. It is about 5 kilometers from the KLCC Petronas Towers. Unirazak is a particular university that offers a distance learning program.

The official website address is https://www.unirazak.edu.my

21. UNITAR International University (UNITAR)

UNITAR is a leading private university in Malaysia and the first Virtual University in Southeast Asia. It was established in 1997. It obtains the QS 5-Star Ranking. UNITAR contains around 12000 students (Local and International).

22. AIMST University

The complete form of AIMST is the Asian Institute of Medicine, Science, and Technology.  This University was established on 15 March 2001. The main campus is situated in  Kedah, Malaysia. It is another special university that offers medical science-related programs, including MBBS, BDS, BDT, pharmacy, Nursing Science, and more.

23. Limkokwing University

Limkokwing University has more than 1o campuses globally. The Malaysian campus was established in 1991. It is a creative technology university with over 25000 students from 100 countries.

Foreign Private University Campuses in Malaysia

However, Malaysia holds ten foreign private university campuses, including Curtin University, Monash University, Selangor Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Putrajaya Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, University of Southampton – Malaysia Campus, Selangor Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak The University of Nottingham Malaysia, University of Reading Malaysia, Johor Xiamen University Malaysia Campus, Selangor Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and University College Dublin Malaysia Campus, Penang. These are the international university branch campuses in Malaysia, not Malaysian private universities.

Ten Career Opportunities For Students Who Study in Malaysia

1. International Business: Graduates can use their cross-cultural communication and international market knowledge to pursue careers in global companies.

2. Foreign Service Officer: Students can represent their home country’s interests abroad by working for their nation’s diplomatic service.

3. Language Translation/Interpretation: Those proficient in a foreign language can facilitate communication across borders by working as translators or interpreters.

4. Nonprofit/NGO Work: Students can contribute to international development and humanitarian efforts by leveraging their understanding of diverse cultures.

5. International Education: Graduates can promote cross-cultural exchange and facilitate study abroad experiences for others by working in education abroad programs.

6. Diplomacy and International Relations: Graduates can influence global policies and relations by working in government agencies, think tanks, and international organizations.

7. Tourism and Hospitality: Students can cater to an international clientele and utilize their cultural awareness by pursuing careers in the travel industry.

8. International Law: Graduates can work in law firms specializing in cross-border legal matters or with international courts and organizations.

9. Global Health: Opportunities exist in international healthcare organizations, addressing global health challenges and promoting healthcare equity.

10. Cross-Cultural Training and Consulting: Graduates can improve international collaboration by working with businesses or organizations to bridge cultural gaps.

Technology Adoption Theories and Models Examples

Technology Adoption Theories and Models. Explain Models for Technology Adoption. Also, Examples of Technology Adoption Theories and Models.

Technology Adoption Models

The technology adoption models are theories and frameworks that explain why people adopt and use modern technology. It also describes how people adopt modern technology and use it in communication, business, health, education, and other sectors. Technology adoption means confidently accepting and using modern technology. Researchers have introduced several technology adoption models in the recent decade to describe the reasons for technology adoption. They also mention the significant factors of these models that stimulate people to accept modern technology.

On the other hand, academicians consider a few factors that drive users to reject modern technology. The adoption of technology models plays a critical role in further improving technology. The importance of technology adoption has increased in social, political, educational, and business contexts. Therefore, nobody can deny the usefulness of modern technology and its application in personal life.

The Importance of Technology Adoption Models

Technology adoption models answer the most common question, “why do people use the new technology?” In addition, the researchers and practitioners identify factors that influence people’s acceptance of new technology. Technology has become an inevitable part of daily life. Nowadays, students hold virtual classes on platforms such as Google Meet, Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Skype. Additionally, many organizations set corporate meetings via these web conferencing applications. The adoption models for technology are developed to propose the reasons for and consequences of the technology. Technology adoption theories are related to information and communication models.

Technology Adoption Models and Theories

The Models of Technology Adoption are:
  1. Technology Acceptance Model(TAM)-1986
  2. Technology Acceptance Model(TAM)-1989
  3. Final Version of Technology Acceptance Model-1996
  4. Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM 2) (ETAM)- 2002
  5. Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)- 2003
  6. Technology Acceptance Model-3 (TAM 3)-2008
  7. Extending Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2, 2012)
  8. Motivational Model (MM)-1992
  9. Motivational Model of Microcomputer Usage-1996
  10. Uses and Gratification Theory (U&G)-1974
  11. Diffusion of Innovation Theory- 1962
  12. Perceived Characteristics of Innovating Theory (PCIT)
  13. The Model of PC Utilization (MPCU)-1991

These are examples of technology adoption models and theories.

1. Technology Acceptance Model(TAM)-1986

Fred D. Davis introduced the technology acceptance model(TAM) in 1986 in his Ph.D. thesis paper titled “A TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL FOR EMPIRICALLY TESTING NEW END-USER INFORMATION SYSTEMS: THEORY AND RESULTS.” In 1986, Fred D. Davis initially included three elements: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and attitude toward using the system. The technology acceptance model outlines three factors: perceived usefulness, ease of use, and attitude toward using the system. It also represents the design feature with X1, X2, and X3.

Original Technology Acceptance Framework

2. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1989)

Fred D. Davis published the technology acceptance model “Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology ” in the Management Information Systems Research Center, the University of Minnesota, 1989. So, the model is familiar as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1989).

2. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis et al., 1989)

However, in 1989, Fred D. Davis, Richard P. Bagozzi, and Paul R. Warshaw presented the technology acceptance model in the research paper “User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models,” published by the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) located in Maryland, USA.

Fred D. Davis is a University of Michigan School of Business Administration professor. His research interests include user acceptance of technology, technology support for decision-making, and motivational factors in computer acceptance. The TAM model was undoubtedly derived from the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), which describes the factors that stimulate people to change their behavior. It has also been designated as the most cited model in the field of information and communication technology(ICT). The technology acceptance model (TAM) is undoubtedly one of the most significant models of technology adoption.

3. TAM-1: Final Version of Technology Acceptance Model- 1996

The Final Version of the Technology Acceptance Model was developed by Venkatesh and Davis in 1996. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) explains users’ intention to adopt technology through three variables: perceived usefulness, ease of use, and attitude toward use. The additional factors of the TAM are user education, system features, user participation in the design, and the nature of the execution method. However, it excludes the social influence factor on the acceptance of modern technology. So, the researchers and practitioners term this a limitation of the model for implementation beyond the workplace.

However, in 1996, Viswanath Venkatesh and Fred D. Davis included an additional variable, “External Variables”, to the previous model and outlined the final version of the Technology Acceptance Model.

“The TAM, TAM2, ETAM, TAM3, and UTAUT have been used over the years by various researchers to explain the adoption of technology systems”.

4. Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM 2) (2000)

Venkatesh and Davis added new factors to the Technology Acceptance Model and established the Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM 2) in 2000. The extended technology acceptance model is also known as the TAM2 and ETAM. ETAM described two groups of constructs, for example, social influence processes and cognitive instrumental determinants.

The three social influence determinants are subjective norm, voluntariness, and image. Additionally, the four cognitive instrumental processes of perceived usefulness are Job relevance, Output quality, Result demonstrability, and perceived ease of use. Both social influence and cognitive instrumental determinants stimulate users to accept and use the system.

5. Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) (2003)

The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology refers to the UTAUT model introduced in 2003. Viswanath Venkatesh, Michael Morris, Gordon  Davis, and Fred Davis established the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) in 2003, under the title of “User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View”.

The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was developed from eight well-established models of technology acceptance. “The eight models are the theory of reasoned action (TRA), the technology acceptance model (TAM), the motivational model (MM), the theory of planned behavior (TPB), a model combining the technology acceptance model and the theory of planned behavior, the model of PC utilization (MPCU), the innovation diffusion theory, and the social cognitive theory (SCT).”

Firstly, the authors analyze the eight models and review the literature on user acceptance. Secondly, they investigate and compare the extensions of those models. Additionally, they developed a unified model based on the components of the eight models. Finally, the unified model was empirically tested and validated using longitudinal data. The UTAUT model has become the most significant framework for understanding the determinants of acceptance and use of a new system.

Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)

The four prime constructs of UTAUT are 1) Performance Expectancy, 2) Effort Expectancy, 3) Social Influence, and 4) Facilitating Conditions.

The first three constructs (Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, and Social Influence) determine user intention and behavior. However, the fourth element (Facilitating Conditions) directly determines user behavior. Besides, the four moderate variables are Gender, age, experience, and voluntariness.

6. Technology Acceptance Model 3 (2008)

The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM3) was introduced by Venkatesh and Bala in 2008. TAM-3 provides valuable rational explanations of how and why individuals decide to adopt and use ITs, particularly the work on the determinants of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use.

7. Extending Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) (2012)

Venkatesh, Thong, and Xu established the Extending Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) in 2012. They added three additional variables, including hedonic motivation, price value, and
habit, to the UTAUT to explain customer technology adoption. The Extending Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology includes age, gender, and experience as moderating variables; however, it excludes voluntariness.

Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM 2) By Venkatesh

 

8. Motivation Model (MM) (1992)

Davis, Bagozzi, and Warshaw introduced the motivational model (MM) in 1992. The Motivational Model describes the external and natural stimulants that influence users’ behaviors. According to the Motivation Model, the two crucial elements of motivation are extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Firstly, extrinsic motivation includes perceived usefulness, ease of use, and subjective norm. It is the acknowledgment that stimulates the users to act. On the other hand, intrinsic motivation includes the magnitude of enjoyment derived from recreating with a computer.

9. Motivational Model of Microcomputer Usage (1996)

The Motivational Model of Microcomputer Usage was introduced by Magid Igbaria, Saroj Parasuraman, and Jack J. Baroudi in 1996. It is also known as Igbaria’s model.

A Motivational Model of Microcomputer Usage

According to the Motivational Model of Microcomputer Usage, intrinsic and extrinsic motivators influence people’s acceptance or rejection of new technologies. This model views perceived fun as the intrinsic motivator; however, perceived usefulness is the extrinsic motivator that influences people’s behavior toward computer use.

10. Uses and Gratifications Theory (1974)

Katz, Blumler, and Gurevitch established the uses and gratifications theory in 1974. It explains why people utilize specific kinds of communication media. It is an active-audience theory that describes the gratification people derive from these media compared to others. The U & G theory explains why people use certain media and the benefits they derive from them. The U&G theory includes three constructs: motivations, behavioral usage, and gratifications/ satisfaction.

11. Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI) (1962)

Diffusion of Innovations Theory explains why people accept or reject new ideas and technology. It also describes how technology spreads quickly among people. In 1962, Everett M. Rogers published the diffusion of innovation theory in his book Diffusion of Innovations. Therefore, it is known as Rogers’ theory of technology adoption.

Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI) By Rogers (1962)

The five elements of the diffusion of innovation theory are Innovators, Early Adopters, Early Majority, Late Majority, and Laggards.

12. Perceived Characteristics of Innovating Theory (PCIT) (1991)

Moore and Benbasat introduced the perceived characteristics and innovation theory in 1991. Perceived Characteristics of Innovating Theory is certainly developed from Rogers’s Perceived Attributes Innovation (PAI) theory. Perceived Characteristics of Innovating Theory added two additional factors: Image and voluntariness. It also separates the constructs of observability into Visibility and Results Demonstrability. Additionally, PCI renamed Rogers’ complexity to ease of use and kept other characteristics the same as before.

13. Model of PC Utilization (MPCU)-(1991)

Thompson, Higgins, and Howell established the PC Utilization (MPCU) model in 1991. They extended Triandis’ model to explain attitudes toward PC utilization. The  Model of PC utilization describes six elements of personal computer utilization, such as job fit, complexity, long-term consequences, effect towards use, social factors, facilitating conditions, and experience to predict PC utilization behavior. However, it differs from the Theory of Reasoned Action by distinguishing between cognitive and affective elements of attitudes.