Types of Research Design- 10 Different Types of Research Design

Types of Research Design- Different Types of Research Design & 10 Types of Research Design in Research.

Types of Research Design

Nobody can deny the importance of sophisticated research. Research is the process of discovering new knowledge and ideas. Recently, the researcher has become more advanced by skilled and trained. At present, researchers conduct the mixed method of research by applying both non-experimental and experimental designs. Usually, there are two types of research design such as experimental and nonexperimental research. Experimental research is divided into many designs, including Descriptive, Historical, Correlation, qualitative, et cetera. On the other hand, experimental research is divided into two methods: true experimental and Quasi-experimental research methods.

Difference Between Nonexperimental and Experimental Research

Nonexperimental Research Experimental Research
Firstly, Nonexperimental research determines the natural relationship between variables. In contrast, experimental research investigates the cause-and-effect relationship between variables.
Additionally, the researcher does not control the setting of the study. On the other hand, researchers control the setting of the study.
In this research design, researchers do not introduce external variables. In this research design, researchers introduce external variables.
Researchers do not manipulate the independent variable. Nonetheless, the researcher manipulates the independent variable methodically.
For example,  Investigating the perception of the children in the  COVID-19 pandemic. For example, Testing the effect of the COVID-19 vaccine among children.
Usually, Nonexperimental research is both quantitative and qualitative. On the other hand, experimental research is quantitative.
Nonexperimental research is intended to explain the subject’s characteristics, including the current situation, comparative position, and prediction. However, experimental research is used to solve problems, create advanced innovation, and progress in medical science.
Types of Research Design
Research Design Types of Research Design & Different Types of Research Method
Figure 1: Types of Research Design

1. Nonexperimental Research

Nonexperimental research explains the researcher’s observation describing the natural condition of the study phenomenon. The nonexperimental research determines the normal relationship between variables but is not intended to identify the cause-and-effect relationship between variables. It only describes relationships between variables without testing causal relationships among them. This research is not involved in the manipulation of the independent variable. Therefore, it does not introduce any external variable, and variables are not manipulated. Researchers do not control the setting of the research.

For example, a researcher wants to investigate the relationship between the awareness of fake news sharing and the brand trust of Facebook among youth. Here, the researcher wants to determine the relationship between awareness of fake news sharing and Brand trust of Facebook. It does not indicate the causal relationship between variables.

Different Types of Research Design

The 10 Types of Research Design are:

  1. Quantitative Research Design
  2. Descriptive Research Design
  3. Correlational Research Design
  4. Historical Research Design
  5. Qualitative Research
  6. Case Study Research Design
  7. Mixed Methods Research Design
  8. Review Research Design
  9. Developmental Research
  10. Experimental Research Design
Descriptive Research Design

The descriptive research method describes the characteristics and features of existing phenomena at the time of research. It also provides a broad picture of the phenomena to convey a better understanding through the study. The time frame of the study is present. Descriptive research is the foundation of all other types of research. It does not involve control variables or treatments. However, the correlation between variables is characterized.  There are many types of descriptive research, for example, Survey research, Correlation research, Developmental research (Longitudinal approach & Cross-section approach), Normative research, Naturalistic observational research, Comparative research, Data analysis research, Action research, etc. 

For example, a researcher wants to survey students’ practice of social media-based citizen journalism. Based on the topic, the researcher should apply the descriptive research method to explain the feature of social media-based citizen journalism among students. Another example of the descriptive research design is ” the perception of Malaysia people on the use of social media to spread fake political news.

Survey Research Design

Survey research examines the relationships and frequency between sociological and psychological variables. It assesses psychological factors such as beliefs, values, attitudes, prejudices, discriminations, opinions, and preferences.

Examples of the survey research are evaluating the following:

  • Student’s attitudes toward the use of smartphones in the classroom.
  • Teacher’s opinion in conducting online classes
  • The perception of teenagers in the advantage of social media platforms
How to Conduct Survey Research

Any survey research begins with a general (flow) plan that shows the entire process of survey research.

  1. Clarify the purpose of the study
  2. Defining the sample plan
  3. Define a method also part of the interviewing session 

Defining method stage of survey research will determine the answer to the following questions

  • How will the questions be structured?
  • What types of questions will be asked?
  • How will the sample be defined?
  • How will the data be collected?

4. Finally, Coding and scoring

Tools of the Survey Research- Interview

The interview is the primary tool of the survey research design. However, a Face sheet is an essential element to conducting an interview session properly. Face sheet information represents neutral information about the study respondent, such as age, gender, living place, educational level, income, etc.

Pros of  the Face sheet—Neutral background information
  • First, it helps establish rapport with the respondents or interviewees. For example, where did you study? How many siblings do you have?
  • Secondly, it establishes data frames or characteristics.
Two Types of Questions For Interviewees. 
  • Structured questions in which respondents can give explicit answers.
  • On the other hand, open-ended questions permit the interviewee to give elaborative answers.

Advantages of the Interview 

  • Flexibility in collecting data
  • The interviewer can set the tone and agenda

Disadvantages of the Interview

  • Expensive
  • Lack of anonymity, so responses might not be honest
  • Lack standardized questions
 Process of developing an Interview
  • Firstly, describe the goals of the project.
  • Secondly, select an appropriate sample.
  • thirdly, develop interview questions.
  • Fourthly, train interviewers.
  • Finally, Conduct interviews.
The Ten Essential Commandments of Interviewing 
  1. Do not begin the interview cold.
  2. Remember that you are there to get information.
  3. Be direct.
  4. Dress appropriately.
  5. Find a quiet place to conduct the interview.
  6. Don’t give up if your interviewee doesn’t give a satisfactory answer the first time.
  7. Use a tape recorder.
  8. Make the interviewee a part of the interview.
  9. To be a good interviewer, practice more.
  10. Thank interviewees for their help, and ask for questions. 
Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Research

Advantages of Survey Research design

  • Permits researcher to get a broad picture (good generalization)
  • Efficient data collection
  • Can yield very accurate results

Disadvantages of Survey Research design

  • Bias (Interviewer bias and Interviewee bias)
  • Non-response

Correlational Research Design

Correlation research design describes the relationship between two variables. It identifies the associated factors of the phenomenon that are co-related to one another. It also discovers how connected these factors are to each other and the strength of the relationship between variables. A numerical index measures the strength of the relationship called the correlation coefficient. The time frame of this research might be present or past, and future. Actually, it shows the past or present relationship between variables and offers predictions for the future. It implies that variables share something in common.

For example, a researcher wants to identify the relationship between social media addiction among students and their results in the final exam. Based on the topic, the researcher should use a Correlation research design to identify the relationship between social media addiction among students and their results in the final exam. Another example of the correlation research design is “Influence of Teenager’s Awareness of Fake News Spreading and Perceived Message Trustworthiness towards The Brand Trust of Twitter.

Correlation Coefficient

The correlation coefficient measures the degree of linear relatedness between two variables. There are two types of correlation, for example, positive correlation and negative correlation. The positive correlation is good, yet the negative correlation is not bad. basically, both positive and negative correlation indicates the direction of the relationship; nothing else. The absolute value of the coefficient indicates the strength of the relationship. Variance increased when a stronger relationship between variables existed. Varies between –1.00 and +1.00.

Historical Research

Historical research investigates the past event and establishes the present concept of the event. It also describes the past fact of the event that affects the current situation. The objective of the historical research method is to collect and evidence from the past event to develop a fact that defends or refutes the hypothesis. Historical research is another term of historiography.

For example, researchers desire to identify the historical progress of women’s education in Malaysia. So, the historical research design will be the option to conduct the research.

Qualitative Research

Qualitative research design examines human behavior in the social, political, and cultural context in which it occurs. The qualitative research method is part of nonexperimental research; therefore, it never tests the cause and effect relationship between variables. The researcher applies different paradigms and tools to conduct qualitative research. The most important tools of qualitative research are interviews, ethnography, case studies, and ethnography. It provides nonnumerical qualitative data that is also known as primary data. In qualitative research, the researchers focus on the content of informants rather than the frequency of particular content.  Here, the informant is the interviewees or people who the researcher has interviewed. The time frame is present and past.

For example, a researcher desires to identify the effectiveness of the government policy to educate all girl-children. So, they will implement the qualitative research method to identify the effectiveness of the government policy to educate all girl-children in the country.

Experimental Research
  • Tries to discover causal relationships
  • Two types:
  1. True experimental research
  2. Quasi-experimental research

True experimental Research

  • For example, Comparing two different techniques

Quasi-Experimental Research

  • For example, Participants are preassigned to groups
  • Useful when the researcher cannot manipulate variables.
When to use what research design

Research design cheat sheet

The research design cheat sheet attached below will

Research design
Figure 2: Research Design Cheat Sheet
Basis Research Design and Applied Research Design

Basic research has no instant execution to the world. Usually, researchers apply these basic types of research design to expand the knowledge of certain phenomena. Pure research is another name of basic research. For example, a study looking at how the online class during the COVID-19 pandemic increases depression among students. Researchers are intended to expand knowledge by this study or research; it has no instant application to society.

Applied research has immediate execution or application to the world. Researchers use this research to solve the problem. Therefore, it has an immediate practical use to resolve the problem or answer the question. For example, the research to invent the COVID-19 vaccine is an instance of applied research; because it has immediate application to the world.

Importance of Customer Relationship Management CRM Examples

Importance of Customer Relationship Management CRM & Software

Customer Relationship Management

CRM refers to the practices, strategies, and technologies applied by the industry for easily managing and communicating with their existing and potential consumers. Actually, CRM is the short form of customer relationship management. Customer relationship management focuses on improving customer services, building rapports, and increasing the sales growth. CRM collects and analyzes customer data in many ways. The data of the customers can be collected through many channels such as social media platforms, the website of the company, live chat, direct marketing, telephone, and so on. Many renowned companies all over the world are using CRM software to maintain their customers as well as regulating business properly.

The example of the five companies executing customer relationship management(CRM) in businessApple CRM, Coca-Cola CRM, Amazon CRM, Activision CRM, and Tesco CRM.

 

Importance of Customer Relationship Management

The five important customer relationship management  (CRM) are customer gratification, improved effectiveness, conduct marketing campaigns, attract customers, and increased growth.  An effective relationship with customers improves the company’s sales growth.

1. Customer gratification

No business can exist without customers; therefore, customer satisfaction is an important factor to increase sales growth. The company always try to satisfy their customers as if they return to buy more products or services. Paying attention to customer satisfaction is part of corporate branding, so every industry uses the CRM strategy for both company and customer mutual benefit. For example, a contact management tool helps the company to implement the CRM strategy properly. Contact management software enables the company to track the conversation between customers and company employees. Therefore, customers feel that they are a significant person in the industry as the company records the conversations. Finally, customers will be amused by the communication service offered by the company, and they will be willing to buy more products and services.

2. Improve Effectiveness

The CRM tool assists the company to regulate hassle-free communication with effectiveness. It gives a great opportunity for the industry to respond quickly when customers query to know something. It yields effective communication between the company and clients and produces customer satisfaction. CRM can keep a record for the marketing campaign to lead the industry to take further decisions in the future.

3. Marketing Campaign

CRM software plays an important role in the marketing campaign purpose. It makes easy the way of conducting sales campaigns to target audiences. This software can design a way of targeting potential customers by using a special tool.   The target audience segmentation process can be driven by CRM software that accurately yields an effective campaign. However, demographic, geographic psychographic segmentation is the most significant market segmentation technique to divide people into an identical subgroup.

4. Attract Potential Customers

The CRM software allows the company to track the detailed information of the existing customers. This software can also identify loyal clients of the company so that industries can easily reward loyal customers. So, it will keep satisfied the current customers and persuade new customers to buy products or services. CRM software can identify the gap in the industry that needs to be fulfilled for customer satisfaction. It can explore why the customer is not interested in buying the products or services so that the company can fill the gap to persuade customers to buy them.

5. Increase the Sales Growth

Based on the discussion, it is clear that CRM software helps the company to sell more products and services to the customers by satisfying them. The company will be benefited automatically when increasing the sales growth.

Types of CRM Software

CRM software has become one of the most popular tools in the global business market to collect more clients than competitors. The company increases use CRM software currently to cope with the digital era. He also said that the industry uses many types of CRM tools based on business policy.

Five Types of CRM software are Operational CRM, Analytical CRM, Collaborative CRM, Campaign management CRM, as well as  Strategic CRM.

1. Operational CRM

This type of software helps the customer sales and marketing department of the industry to give better service to existing and potential customers. This tool also can be used in marketing automation, service automation, and sales automation.

For example, Mailchimp or Outreach.

2. Analytical CRM

Analytical CRM assists the company to gather data about customers including point of contact, interests, channels, and customer preference. This software tries to understand customers when operational CRM attributes them to the sales funnel. Thus, the industry can make the best business decision after collecting customers’ data through CRM tools.

For example, Zoho Analytics or Wave: Salesforce Analytics Cloud

3. Collaborative CRM

This software supports different types of the department in an industry to share customers information. Collective CRM focuses more on providing customer services while operational CRM works for marketing and selling products.

For example, Pipedrive or Copper

4. Campaign management CRM

This tool works for both analytical or operational purposes in the industry. Campaign management CRM collects customer’s information and apply into marketing and sales campaigns. The prime objective of this tool is to assist in running a campaign properly via email integration software.

For example, Active Campaign (email marketing campaigns)

5. Strategic CRM

It focuses on customers to develop the relationship between industry and client. This tool is handy for building rapport rather than short-term relationships, such as instant sales or short campaigns.

The Importance of Customer

Customer engagement – customers’ investment in or commitment to a brand and product offerings

Characteristics

  • Customer retention and loyalty.
  • Customers’ willingness to make an effort to do business with the organization.
  • Customers’ willingness to actively advocate for and recommend the brand and product offerings.
The Importance of Suppliers
  • The quality of the supply chain affects the quality that customers receive
  • Superior quality, consistent service, and competitive pricing are just the price of entry to get into the game.
  • Suppliers must continually improve and align their operations with customer needs.
Principles for Customer-Supplier Relationships
  • Firstly, recognition of the strategic importance of customers and suppliers.
  • Secondly, the development of win-win relationships between customers and suppliers.
  • Finally, Establishing relationships based on trust.
SRM- Supplier Relationship Management

Supplier relationship management (SRM) effectively manages and maintains a better relationship with suppliers in organizations. SRM helps to reduce the risk of miscommunication and misunderstanding between industry and supplier. To provide good service to suppliers, SRM works to increase the value of intercommunication. To achieve a competitive advantage, most reputed companies use the SRM tool to create and maintain strong and loyal relationships with suppliers.

The example of the five companies that using SRM in business: Amazon, France’s Renault, Japan’s Nissan, PepsiCo, Alcoa and so more.