Tag: Theory

Five Dimensions of Service Quality in Servqual Model

The article explains the 5 Dimensions of Service Quality (SERVQUAL) Model. It also shows the SERVQUAL Model of Service Quality Questionnaire Instruments for customer satisfaction.

Five Dimensions of Service Quality

In 1985, three American marketing scholars —A. Parasuraman, Valarie A. Zeithaml, and Leonard L. Berry established 10 service quality dimensions based on customer evaluations. Customers evaluate the services they receive from organizations. Initially, the authors proposed 10 dimensions to assess service quality. Later, the authors condensed ten dimensions into five and introduced a refined SERVQUAL Model in 1988. 

The ten dimensions include Reliability, Tangibles, Responsiveness, Competence, Access, Courtesy, Communication, Credibility, Security, and Understanding.

The SERVQUAL model comprises five key dimensions of service quality: Reliability, Assurance, Tangibles, Empathy, and Responsiveness. The Servqual model, or five service quality dimensions, is also known as the Service Quality Model. SERVQUAL is the short form of service quality. The SERVQUAL Model is a multi-dimensional research framework intended to measure the gap between expected and perceived service quality for customers across five dimensions.

Therefore, the five-service quality dimension model was introduced in 1988 by A. Parasuraman, Valarie A. Zeithaml, and Leonard L. Berry. Researchers and practitioners employ the latest SERVQUAL model.

SERVQUAL Model

The SERVQUAL model comprises five dimensions of service quality that measure customer expectations. The SERVQUAL model classifies the elements of service quality into five dimensions. Although the model developers initially proposed 10 service quality dimensions, many experts later finalized only 5: Reliability, Assurance, Tangibles, Empathy, and Responsiveness. The marketing students formed the acronym RATER from the first letters of each dimension. However, after measuring the gaps, this model recommends the most common causes of service quality problems.

In 2026, the SERVQUAL model is widely accepted for measuring and ensuring customer satisfaction. Many organizations use this model to assess their efforts and outcomes with respect to competitiveness.

Servqual Model 10 Dimensions

However, initially, the authors of the SERVQUAL model presented ten dimensions of service quality as follows: Reliability, Responsiveness, Competence, Access, Courtesy, Communication, Credibility, Security, Knowing the Customer, and Tangibles.

5 Dimensions of Service Quality- SERVQUAL Model. 5 Dimensions of Service Quality Example are Reliability, Assurance, Tangibles, Empathy, Responsiveness. 5 components of service quality. 5 dimensions of service.
Figure 1: 5 Dimensions of Service Quality- SERVQUAL Model

Dimensions of Service Quality

The 5 Dimensions of Service Quality are
  1. Reliability
  2. Assurance
  3. Tangibles
  4. Empathy
  5. Responsiveness.

1. Reliability in the Servqual Model

Reliability is an essential dimension of the Servqual model, reflecting the capacity to deliver services accurately, on time, and credibly. It means a service provider’s ability to deliver services consistently and accurately, meeting customers’ expectations every time. Consistency is critical for providing assistance or products to customers on time and without errors. You must honor your commitment to provide your service on time and accurately, as you promised.

For example, Hotel Global Assistant prides itself on reliable and consistent service to its guests. One aspect of reliability is the hotel’s commitment to ensuring that rooms are ready for check-in at the designated time, without any delays or errors.

Guests arriving at Hotel Global Assistant expect to be able to check into their rooms promptly upon arrival, in accordance with their reservation. The hotel’s front desk staff ensures that rooms are prepared well in advance, following a standardized process for cleaning, maintenance, and inspection.

Upon arrival, guests are warmly greeted by the front desk staff, who efficiently handle check-in. The staff verifies guests’ reservations, assigns rooms based on their preferences, and promptly provides them with keys.

Throughout their stay, guests receive consistent, reliable service from the hotel staff. Housekeeping maintains the cleanliness and orderliness of the rooms, ensuring that amenities are replenished and any issues are promptly addressed. The hotel’s facilities, such as restaurants, fitness centers, and business centers, operate smoothly and reliably, meeting guests’ needs and expectations.

2. Assurance in the Servqual Model

Assurance means building trust and credibility with customers. It depends on the employee’s technical knowledge, practical communication skills, courtesy, credibility, competency, and professionalism. Therefore, these skills will help the organization gain customer trust and credibility.

The assurance dimension combines four factors: Competence, Courtesy, Credibility, and Security. Firstly, competence means having the requisite skills and knowledge. Secondly, courtesy refers to the politeness, respect, consideration, and friendliness of contact staff. Thirdly, credibility is the staff’s trustworthiness, believability, and honesty. Finally, security means freedom from danger, risk, or doubt.

Example of Assurance Dimension in SERVQUAL Model

The employee demonstrates competence, courtesy, credibility, and professionalism when serving customers.

Assurance Example in Retail Banking Services

In the context of retail banking services, the Assurance dimension of the SERVQUAL model plays a crucial role in building customer trust and confidence. Let’s consider a scenario where a customer visits a bank branch to inquire about opening a new savings account:

Competence

The customer approaches a bank representative and expresses interest in opening a savings account. The representative demonstrates competence by thoroughly explaining the different types of accounts available, their features, and the associated benefits. They are knowledgeable about the bank’s products and services and provide accurate information to help customers make informed decisions.

Courtesy

The bank representative maintains a courteous and respectful demeanor throughout the interaction. They greet the customer warmly, listen attentively to their needs and preferences, and address any questions or concerns with patience and empathy. The customer feels valued and respected, contributing to a positive service experience.

Credibility

The bank has established a reputation for reliability and integrity in the community. The representative reinforces this credibility by providing transparent information about account fees, interest rates, and terms and conditions. They assure the customer that the bank is committed to upholding ethical standards and safeguarding their financial interests, thereby earning their trust and confidence.

Security

As the customer considers opening a new account, they express concerns about the security of their funds and personal information. The bank representative assures the customer that the bank employs robust security measures to protect against fraud, identity theft, and unauthorized access to accounts. They explain the various security features, such as encryption protocols, multi-factor authentication, and fraud monitoring systems, to reassure the customer of the bank’s commitment to safeguarding their assets and privacy.

In this example, the Assurance dimension of the SERVQUAL model is exemplified through the bank’s focus on competence, courtesy, credibility, and security in delivering retail banking services

3. Tangibles in the Servqual Model

Tangibles comprise physical facilities, employees’ appearance, equipment, machinery, communication materials, and information systems. It focuses on facilitating materials and physical facilities.

This dimension assesses the extent to which these tangible elements convey professionalism, competence, and attention to detail, influencing customers’ perceptions of service quality. For example, the organization maintains a clean environment, and staff follow the appropriate dress code.

The example of Tangibles in the SERVQUAL model

1. Physical Facilities: Physical facilities refer to the organization’s environment where the service is delivered. It includes the company’s infrastructure, such as buildings, furniture, decorations, location, and amenities. For example, a meeting room, a reception area, an office location, and a well-decorated space enhance the tangible aspects of the service.

2. Equipment and Tools: Tangibles also encompass the use of equipment and tools by the organization to deliver the service. It includes computers, PoS (Point of Sale) machines, ICT, and other resources necessary for ensuring better service. For instance, in a Bank, Electronic Payment Systems, cash Deposit Machines (CDMs), Fraud Detection, High-Speed Wi-Fi, and an ATM adjacent to the bank are tangible factors that impact customer perceptions.

3. Personnel Appearance: The personal appearance of tangibles in the SERVQUAL model indicates employees’ education, attire, hygiene, status, moral character, social position, and trustworthiness. It promotes corporate branding by enhancing tangible assets. For instance, a well-dressed waiter, the cleanliness of the attire, and the receptionist’s behavior influence customers’ perceptions of service quality.

4. Communication Materials: Communication materials are a crucial element of tangibles in the SERVQUAL model. It includes communication channels such as social media platforms, banners, brochures, websites, and other promotional materials. For example, a travel agency’s website should be user-friendly, accessible, and concise, with information on ticket and hotel costs and travel guidelines.

Accessibility and Convenience: Tangibles also include factors such as ease of access and convenience for clients. The factors are parking facilities, separate male and female washrooms, accessible features, and free Wi-Fi for guests. For example, a bank that offers ample parking, separate toilets for women, and wheelchair ramps enhances the tangible aspects of the customer experience.

4. Empathy in the Servqual Model

Empathy is the service provider’s ability to understand and address customers’ needs and concerns in a caring, personalized manner. It means focusing on customers attentively to ensure caring, distinguished service. It is also an effective process for satisfying customers psychologically and increasing confidence, trust, and loyalty. The company may lose customers due to a lack of empathy among employees; therefore, it needs to ensure that employees demonstrate compassion.

Additionally, empathy is a combination of the following factors:

  • Access (physical and social) (e.g., approachability and ease of contact).
  • Communication – (For instance, keeping customers informed in a language they understand and listening to them).
  • Understanding the customer (e.g., by identifying their specific needs).
Example of Empathy in SERVQUAL Model

For example, a customer contacts a telecommunications company’s customer service department to report an issue with their internet connection. The customer reports that they are working from home and urgently require a reliable internet connection to complete an important project. The customer service representative, demonstrating empathy, responds with understanding and concern for the customer’s situation.

Instead of simply acknowledging the issue and providing generic troubleshooting steps, the representative actively listens to the customer’s concerns and expresses empathy for the inconvenience caused by the internet outage. They reassure the customer that they understand the importance of reliable internet access, particularly for remote work, and that resolving the issue is a top priority.

The representative goes a step further by offering personalized assistance tailored to the customer’s needs. They provide detailed guidance on troubleshooting steps specific to the customer’s internet setup and offer to escalate the issue to technical support for further investigation. Additionally, they proactively follow up with the customer to ensure the problem is fully resolved and offer compensation for any inconvenience caused.

Through their empathetic response, the customer service representative demonstrates a genuine understanding of the customer’s situation, instilling trust and confidence in the company’s commitment to customer satisfaction.

5. Responsiveness in the Servqual Model

Responsiveness refers to the eagerness to assist customers courteously and to provide prompt service to meet their needs. This dimension focuses on two essential factors: willingness and promptness. You must ensure that the customer receives their service promptly and perceives that you are highly interested in helping them. Responsiveness will be defined by the time customers wait for an answer or solution. In short, responsiveness solves the customer’s problem as soon as possible by providing the expected information or replacing the product. To ensure responsive service quality, the employee does not leave any customer waiting and replaces the product promptly before the promised period ends.

Example of the Responsiveness Dimension

For example, a customer visits a busy restaurant during peak hours and places an order. Despite the high volume of orders, the restaurant staff remained responsive, promptly acknowledging the customer’s order and providing an estimated wait time.

As the customer waits for their meal, they notice that their drink is running low. Before they even have a chance to flag down a server, a member of the restaurant staff proactively approaches their table to refill their drink and inquire if there’s anything else they need.

Later, when the customer’s meal arrives after the expected time, the restaurant manager personally visits their table to apologize for the delay and assure them that their order is being expedited. The manager offers a complimentary appetizer as a gesture of goodwill for the inconvenience caused by the delay.

In this example, the restaurant staff demonstrates responsiveness by promptly addressing the customers’ needs and concerns throughout their dining experience.

SERVQUAL Survey Questionnaire

The Servqual survey refers to the instruments of the Servqual model. The instrument consists of 22 perception items. The researchers utilize these instruments to evaluate consumers’ thoughts and expectations regarding the quality of service. Therefore, it is also known as a SERVQUAL questionnaire for customer satisfaction. The authors of the SERVQUAL model developed 22 perception items and 22 expectation items to form five dimensions of service quality. The Servqual model questionnaire assesses the company’s gap score, which ideally yields a positive result.

SERVQUAL Model Original Questionnaire Instruments

The original questionnaire instruments were adapted from the paper “A Conceptual Model of Service Quality and Its Implications for Future Research,” published in the Journal of Marketing in 1985.

SERVQUAL Model Original Questionnaire 1988

Servqual Questionnaire Example With 22 Items

Reliability

  1. Providing services as promised.
  2. Dependability in handling customers’ service problems.
  3. Performing services right the first time.
  4. Providing services as promised on time.
  5. Maintaining error-free records.

Responsiveness

  1. Keeping customers informed about when services will be performed.
  2. Prompt service to customers.
  3. Willingness to help customers.
  4. Readiness to respond to customers’ inquiries

Assurance

  1. Employees who instill confidence in customers.
  2. Making customers feel safe in their transactions.
  3. Consistently courteous employees.
  4. Employees who know how to answer customer questions.

Empathy

  1. Giving customers individual attention.
  2. Employees who deal with customers in a caring fashion.
  3. Having the customer’s best interest at heart.
  4. Employees who understand the needs of their customers.
  5. Convenient business hours.

Tangibles

  1. Modern equipment.
  2. Visually appealing facilities.
  3. Employees who have a neat, professional appearance.
  4. Visually appealing materials associated with service.
SERVQUAL Model Questionnaire Image
SERVQUAL Model Questionnaire- 22 Scales Items
Figure 2: SERVQUAL Model Questionnaire- 22 Scales Items
SERVQUAL Questionnaire Example For Customer Satisfaction
Reliability Dimension

1. Gloant-Automobile fixes faults in cars as promised.
2. They are reliable in handling faults in cars.
3. They repair cars right the first time.
4. Their employees fix car faults on time.
5. The charges for services are reasonable.

Assurance Dimension

6. The apprentices of Gloant-Automobile create confidence in customers.
7. They display professionalism in handling faults in cars.
8. Their employees are always polite.
9. They have the knowledge to answer customers’ questions.

Tangibles Dimension

10. Gloant-Automobile makes use of modern equipment in repairing cars
11. They have enough parking space for their customers.
12. They provide an environment free from danger.
13. Their employees appear professional in their workplace.

Empathy Dimension

14. The apprentices of Gloant-Automobile give customers individual attention.
15. They deal with customers in a caring manner.
16. Their employees quickly apologize when they make mistakes.
17. Their employees try to understand customers’ needs.
18. Gloant-Automobile operating hours are convenient for customers.

Responsiveness Dimension

19. This company always informs customers when services will be performed.
20. They always serve customers promptly.
21. Gloant-Automobile is always willing to rectify car faults.
22. They are always ready to respond to customers.
Conclusion

In conclusion, the SERVQUAL model has become widely accepted and popular worldwide for its ability to improve customer service quality. It is a multidimensional research system that represents a customer satisfaction framework to better serve customers. Many organizations use this model to achieve goals. The private organization adheres to the SERVQUAL model to ensure service quality. The 5 Gaps in Service Quality are the Knowledge Gap, Policy Gap, Communication Gap, Delivery Gap, and Customer Gap.

Citation For This Article (APA 7th Edition)
Kobiruzzaman, M. M. (2026). Five Dimensions of Service Quality: The SERVQUAL Model of Service Quality. Newsmoor https://newsmoor.com/servqual-model-five-key-service-dimensions-servqual-gaps-reasons/

DMAIC Six Sigma, Six Sigma DMAIC Process or DMAIC 6 Sigma Strategy

DMAIC Six Sigma, Six Sigma DMAIC Process or DMAIC 6 Sigma Strategy.  DMAIC Six sigma Tools are Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control. Six sigma in strategic management. DMAIC Tools, 6 sigma DMAIC. Six sigma problem-solving.

DMAIC Six Sigma

DMAIC Six Sigma refers to a set of tools and technologies that identify and erase the cause of defects and minimize the variability in manufacturing to improve the business process. This strategy was articulated by Bill smith in 1986. He was American engineering and working at Motorola when he introduced this process. A six-sigma process can produce a defect-free feature. Six-sigma applies a systematic improvement system known as DMAIC-Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (Evans, 2013).

The Six-sigma process follows a sequence of stages when carried out in an organization. Hence, the project has a special value target that reduces cycle time, pollution, costs, and increases customer satisfaction and company profits.

Example of Companies Following DMAIC Six sigma Strategy
  • Amazon
  • Motorola
  • BAE Systems
  • Bank of America
  • Becton Dickinson
DMAIC 6 Sigma Strategy

At the end of the 1970s, Japanese business industries had managed to maintain competitiveness markets all over the world, because of providing a higher quality product at a lower cost (Yang, 2012). However, the secret 0f this competitive market was the systematic integration of the knowledge, skills, technology, and experiences to improve core products and new business markets.

Firstly, Motorola implements the six-sigma program to improve the operation to yield an effective result. After implementing this program, Motorola earned a huge profit by reducing the defect of the products. Six-sigma program managed to save about $2.2 billion and finally, Motorola achieved the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in 1988.

DMAIC Six sigma Tools

The Six-Sigma program has a five systematic improvement process known as DMAIC- ‘Define,’ ‘Measure,’ ‘Analyze,’ ‘Improve,’ and ‘Control’ (Evans, 2013). Another cycle of the six-sigma program is DMADV- ‘Define,’ ‘Measure,’ ‘Analyze,’ ‘Design,’ and ‘Verify’ that organization applies to design and redesign. Therefore, they are also known as sig sigma problem-solving tools.

DMAIC Six Sigma, Six Sigma DMAIC Process or DMAIC 6 Sigma Strategy

Figure-1: DMAIC Six Sigma Process or DMAIC 6 Sigma Strategy

Define

Define is the first step of the six-sigma project that summarizes the plan of the project. Therefore, this step focuses on identifying the problems of the project, the objective of the project, and the opportunity for the six-sigma project. The input of this stage comes from the voice of the customers, business, process, or employee. Finally, the Define stage addresses some management issues such as what will need to be completed, by whom, and when.

Examples of the most used tools in the Define phase: Business Case, Problem Statement, Project Scope, Team & their broad responsibilities, and Time plan.

Measure

The measure is the second stage of the six-sigma and the main purpose is to gather data related to the project. It can use the histogram to analyze the data as well as discover its nature. The most common measurement methods are process sigma and defects per million opportunities (DPMO).

Examples of the most used tools in the Measure phase: Benchmarking, process flowcharts, run charts, process capability, and Gage R & R.

Analyze

The principal objective of this stage is to dig out the main cause of the business ineffectiveness. In addition, It focuses more on finding out the root cause among many causes that identified initially. Although, It very often matters to jump to a solution without emphasizing on to find out the source of the problems. Hence, this phase tries to find out why errors, defects, and variations occurred in production in the industry.  However, the Analysis step of the DMAIC process conducts an experiment after identifying the variables.

Examples of the most used tools in the Analysis phase: Fishbone Diagram, Hypothesis testing, Brainstorming, 5 Whys, Scatterplot, Histogram, and Time-series plot.

Improve

The prime objective of this phase is to ascertain the potential result and execute them for improvement. This stage will start to remove or resolve the problem once the root cause is identified exactly. One of the common problems of this stage is to prejudice ideas before evaluating them. But,  A good problem solver always accepts the most promising ideas among a set of proposed ideas.

Examples of the most used tools in the Improvement phase:

Mistake-proofing (Poka Yoke), Piloting, Brainstorming, Simulation software, Prototyping, and Pugh Matrix.

 Control

The control stage focuses on how to continue the improvement and ensure excellent performance. The main objective of the Control phase is to ensure-Holding the gains. It also ensures the monitoring system, improving the standard, and increasing profits in the organizations. In the meantime, the post-implementation result will be evaluated to ascertain the progress or modify them. The most important part of this stage is to train the relevant stakeholders to overcome the challenges.

Example of the most used tools in the Control phase: Control plan, Process sigma calculation, Cost saving calculations, and Control charts.

Conclusion

In sum, Six Sigma DMAIC methodology has become one of the most popular and worldwide accepted strategies. This strategy can be executed in high-profile to small-size organizations; because of five important stages – DMAIC ensures continual improvement in the business.

References:

N. (2020, May 18). Total Quality Management and Six Sigma. Six Sigma Study Guide. https://sixsigmastudyguide.com/total-quality-management-and-six-sigma/

Yang, C. C. (2012). The integration of TQM and Six-Sigma. Total Quality Management and Six Sigma, 219.