The Four Theories of the Press are Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility, and Communist Soviet Theory. Also 4 Theories of Journalism and Mass Communication.
Four Theories of the Press
The four theories of the press are authoritarian, libertarian, social responsibility, and communist soviet theory. In 1956, three scholars, Schramm, Siebert, and Peterson, published the Four Theories of the Press Book. It is also known as the Four Theories of the Press by Wilbur Schramm 1956.
The press plays different roles in diverse countries globally. The press roles and news values in journalism differ from country to country for its political ideology. For example, in the USA, the press can focus on all types of news values including negativeness; but, in North Korea, the press can not practice freely. The Four Theories of the Press Book describes a framework for understanding the role of the press in different political and social contexts. The four theories of the press are Authoritarian Theory, Libertarian Theory, Social Responsibility Theory, and Communist Soviet Theory.
What are the Four Theories of the Press?
The 4 Theories of the Press are:
Authoritarian Theory
Libertarian Theory
Social Responsibility Theory
Communist Soviet Theory
1. Authoritarian Theory of the Press
The authoritarian theory explains that the government authority directly controls the communication outlets. The government controls the press, information, and communication systems directly and indirectly (Siebert, Peterson, & Schramm, 1956). Sometimes, the government assigns authority to regulate the whole process of the information and communication system in the country. The agency controls the press thoroughly on behalf of the government. For example, the Korean Central News Agency controls the mass media outlets in North Korea.
The press cannot work independently. So, it publishes news and information that the government wants to know about the public in the country. The authority sets the code of conduct for the news agencies. Therefore, the news publishing outlets must follow the rules and regulations the management sets. The authority also has the right to provide a license and cancel it. Usually, they revoke the license when the media violates the policies imposed by the government. The media practitioners thoroughly follow the government's instructions to publish hard news and feature articles.
Characteristics of Authoritarian Press
The authoritarian press is subject to censorship and control by the government and the state.
The government strictly regulates the media outlets to suppress dissent.
Media outlets are either owned by the government or controlled by government regulation.
The primary objective of the media outlets is to support government activities and policies locally and internationally.
Authoritarian Theory of the Press Example
During the Second World War, Hitler controlled the news media in Germany; hence, no press could publish news without the authority's permission.
For example, in 2021, the Taliban took over power in Afghanistan, and the management excessively controls all media. Similarly, the army chief Min Aung Hlaing seized power in Myanmar in 2021.
The Global Investigative Journalism Network published the World Press Freedom Index country ranking list in 2024. According to the report, Eritrea ranked 180th and fell at the bottom of the list.
For example, Eritrea, Syria, North Korea, Myanmar, Iran, Vietnam and Afghanistan.
2. Libertarian Theory
Libertarian theory refers to the freedom of the press to disseminate information (Siebert et al., 1956). Therefore, it is also known as the normative theory of mass communication. Mass media outlets are entirely free to publish any ethical news and information. The press works as the watchdog of the community and society in the country.
John Milter was the first introducer to the libertarian press concept. Firstly, In the 1700s, authorities applied the libertarian theory of the press in the USA. After that, and in the 1900s, Europe accepted it. As per the Libertarian press, human beings have the right to know the accurate information published by mass media outlets. The press should disseminate the actual news to society's people.
Sometimes Wiki leaks platform publishes confidential documents to the public. Therefore, the governments of many countries worldwide do not allow to practice libertarian press system, and it can impact the political parties to form the government.
Characteristics of Libertarian Theory
The owners of the media outlets are mass people and they operate the press freely under government policy.
The primary objective of media outlets is to express opinions freely.
The press serves as a watchdog for society and the country, maintaining government policy.
The press prioritizes public debate and opinion.
Example: The United States and other democratic countries where the press operates independently, and freedom of the press is protected by law.
Libertarian Theory of the Press Examples
Firstly, mass media and communication systems are free from the government to publish news. The government does not control the press when it disseminates information, even though it criticizes its activities. Therefore, journalists and media practitioners manage the press directly.
For example, Canada, Switzerland, and New Zealand
3. Social Responsibility Theory of Press
Social responsibility theory explains that the press media do not need permission from the government to distribute news and information; however, they think about society when publishing news. Therefore, the social responsibility theory of the press has linked the libertarian and authoritarian theories. It lies between those two theories. The media are somewhat free from the government but controlled by the people of the country's society.
Characteristics of Social Responsibility Press
The media outlets are free to disseminate information but self-regulated to ensure ethical standards.
The press is not biased by government agencies or mass people.
Media publish authentic, balanced, and appropriate information. for the society and country.
The media outlets highlight social responsibility avoiding causing harm.
Social Responsibility Theory of the Press Example
In mid 20th century, many countries applied the social responsibility theory incorporating "the Commission of the Freedom of Press" in the United States in 1949. Anyone can express their opinion through mass media. Additionally, mass media play an essential role in raising a voice against discrimination and corruption. The BBC in the United Kingdom operates under a public service mandate, aiming to inform, educate, and entertain while adhering to high ethical standards.
For example, In the USA, UK, and India
4. Communist Soviet Theory
Communist Soviet Theory describes that the ministry of the respective government controls the press media, but they are free to work for the society. The government regulates and guides mass media outlets for the benefit of the people. They can publish any news without obtaining permission from the authorities, but the government agency controls the entire system at the end of the day.
Communist Soviet Theory Example
The Soviet Union was reconstructed with the new norms based on the Marxist-Leninist beliefs in the 1917th revolution. Communist Soviet Theory is also known as Soviet Media Theory. This theory is generated from authoritarian theory but contradicted by the libertarian theory. The government agency owns the press media, but they are free to work for society. Finally, the government set up official media to deliver the information to society.
Characteristics of Communist Soviet Theory
The media outlets are owned and regulated by the ruling Communist Party.
Media play a role as a wing of the state, highlighting socialist values.
They do not support dissenting opinions; focus on the ideology of the state.
The primary role of the media is to educate people and mobilize public support for the communist government
Example: The Soviet Union and other communist states, where the media outlet functions to promote the ideology of the Communist Party.
For example, In Russia, China, and Cuba
Citation For This Article (APA 7th Edition)
Kobiruzzaman, M. M. (2024). Four Theories of the Press- Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility & Communist Soviet. Newsmoor- Educational Website For Online Learning. https://newsmoor.com/four-theories-of-the-press-authoritarian-libertarian-social-responsibility-theory/
Reference
Siebert, F., Peterson, T. B., & Schramm, W. (1956). Four theories of the press: The authoritarian, libertarian, social responsibility, and Soviet communist concepts of what the press should be and do (Vol. 10). University of Illinois Press.
Self Introduction Sample for Job Interview Pdf. This article explains the Self-Introduction Sample for Job Interview Fresher and Experience. It also represents the Interview Introduction Example.
Self-Introduction For Interview
Self-Introduction for an interview means describing yourself in the viva and job interview session when the interviewer asks you to introduce yourself. It is crucial to attract the interview board member with an attractive introduction. A proverb says, "Smile is the best way to introduce yourself." So, the applicants should smile while introducing themselves. Usually, they will ask you, "Tell me about yourself" or "Tell us about yourself." Self-introduction is a crucial part of attracting interviewers followed by attaching a well-designed resume, wearing formal dress, and presenting the interview location on time. The applicants introduce themselves verbally in the interview session and in written documents by writing a good email cover letter.
Self-Introduction For Job Interview
Self-introduction for a job interview means introducing yourself precisely to inform the hiring authority. The applicant greets and explains their full name, location, educational background, goal, hobby, passion or interest, strengths, experience, etcetera. Apart from that, the interviewee greets the interviewers with thanks before starting the introduction speech. It will be best if the applicant takes a deep breath before beginning a self-introduction speech.
Self-introduction for a job interview differs from self-introduction for the viva and presentation. Sometimes, the lecturer asks students to write a self-introduction essay paragraph. Therefore, applicants apply different types of self-introduction formats to introduce themselves in diverse contexts.
The most common five contexts of self-introduction speech are job interviews, presentations, paragraph-writing, social networking, and college and university classes.
For example, applicants add their previous job experience in the self-introduction for job interviews. On the other hand, students mention only their previous educational experiences in the viva presentation.
Self Introduction Sample For Job Interview Example
Smile: The applicant should smile before starting the conversation but should not laugh.
Greetings: Hello, Good Morning, Good Afternoon, Good Evening, and Good Day.
Applicant Name: This is, or My name is (name). (Please mention your nickname or alternative name if you have one. For example, most Chinese people have Chinese and English names).
Residence: I have been living in Kuala Lumpur and grew up with my nuclear family. You may explain your family background if relevant to your discussion and position. (Applicants should mention their nationality if they are not local people. For example, I am from Sweden, but now I live in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia).
Educational Background: I am studying or have completed my graduation or Master's degree at the University of Putra Malaysia. The applicant should mention their major while explaining their educational Background. For example, I have completed a Bachelor of Communication degree in Journalism at UPM.
Goal: My utmost goal is to become an effective employee in a reputed organization. For example, I want to work as a creative content writer, marketing executive, or graphic designer. However, students might mention internship positions if they are looking for internship positions. For example, I am seeking a full-time content writing job to practically actualize my theoretical knowledge. (The goal should be relevant to your Educational degree and strengths).
Hobby, Passion, or Interest: I am a freelance writer, and I like to generate creative content and share it on social media platforms when I have leisure. I want to work as a content writer at any renowned company/industry like yours.
Strengths: I have many skills to contribute to this position, including academic and creative content writing skills. I have published some feature content in newspapers and some publications in journals.
Applicants must include relevant strengths; for example, the interviewee should explain Information Technology (IT)-related skills when interviewing to join as an IT expert.
In contrast, the interviewees must demonstrate their communication and management-related skills while interviewing to join as marketing and human resource managers.
Experiences
Experiences are essential tools to attract interviewers to be appointed for the position. So, the applicants must include work experience. Previously, I worked at an employer name. The author advises applicants to follow the STAR interview questions and answer examples to explain their previous experiences. STAR is the acronym for situation, task, action, and results. S for the situation, T for the task, A for actions, and R for the results of your actions. For example, I have worked at Netflix organization as a digital marketing executive since 2018, and I used to write creative content to promote products on social media. I managed to increase revenue by publishing promotional content on Facebook and Instagram.
Similar to strengths, applicants need to explain the relevant experience to the position they intend to join. There is a possibility of being disqualified if the applicants mention irrelevant experience.
Finally, the applicants should thank the interviewer for allowing them to introduce themselves. The applicants need to follow social etiquette in job interviews thoroughly.
Self Introduction Sample For Job Interview Example
The authors have studied and presented a few self-introduction samples for a job interview for experienced candidates, students, and fresher job seekers. These self-introduction samples have been generated to introduce people from different countries globally. It will surely assist the fresher and more experienced applicants in introducing themselves. Moreover, we demonstrate a self-introduction example collected from ChatGPT.
Self-introduction Editable Example in Word
"Good day/morning/afternoon/evening. This is [Your Name], and I am delighted to be here today for getting the opportunity to interview for the [Job Title] position. I have recently completed my graduation/postgraduation from [University/College Name] with a degree in [Your Degree]. I am thrilled to actualize my theoretical and practical skills and knowledge in a professional environment.
During my time at university, I actively participated in [relevant extracurricular activities or projects] which allowed me to develop valuable skills in [mention relevant skills such as communication, teamwork, problem-solving, etc.]. Additionally, I completed internships at [mention any relevant internships or work experiences] where I gained hands-on experience in [mention specific tasks or responsibilities relevant to the job you're applying for].
I'm particularly passionate about [mention a specific area or aspect of the job or industry you're interested in], and I'm excited about the opportunity to contribute to [Company Name] and grow both personally and professionally. I'm a quick learner, adaptable, and eager to take on new challenges.
Outside of work and academics, I enjoy [mention any hobbies, interests, or personal achievements that showcase your well-roundedness and personality].
I'm looking forward to discussing how my skills and experiences align with the needs of [Company Name] and how I can contribute to the team's success. Thank you for considering my application, and I'm excited about the possibility of joining your team."
Please do not forget to edit and customize your self-introduction depending on your academic background and the job you want to apply for. You should practice several times before joining the interview session with confidence. Remember the key points you want to highlight during the interview session to show potential. Best Wishes and Good luck!
The Ten Self Introduction Samples For Job Interviews are as follows:
Self Introduction Sample For Job Interview-1
Smile and be confident while introducing yourself
Good morning and Thank you for allowing me to participate in the job interview. My name is Kirill Karbout, and I grew up in a nuclear family at Kalamazoo near the Kalamazoo River in Michigan, United States.
I have completed my bachelor's degree in computer science, majoring in software design at Western Michigan University. I aim to work as a full-time software designer at any renowned company. However, my hobby of participating in social welfare campaigns has been evident in my engagement in the Western Michigan University welfare academy.
My theoretical and practical experiences taught me to design software and applications creatively. Consistently, I look for sophistication in my work. I have achieved distinguished marks for my final year project that I presented to my supervisor. Additionally, I obtained many certificates of appreciation for designing innovative software for commercial sectors.
Previously, I worked at (Company name) as a software engineer, and I used to develop their existing software for selling products. I added some new features to attract customers, and it was fruitful. I gained the best employee awards for outstanding achievement. Now I am seeking a position to show expertise and actualize my experiences. Finally, thank you again, Sir, for letting me introduce myself.
Self-introduction Sample for Job Interview-2
Good morning and Thank you, Sir, for allowing me to join this job interview. This is Alexandra Hill, and I am from a nuclear family in Toronto, Canada. I have completed my Bachelor of Information and Master of Information at the University of Toronto. Since childhood, I have been extremely excited to become an information technology consultant. Recently, I have worked on multiple projects relevant to information and communication technology. So, I have both academic and practical knowledge in this discipline. New technology changed our lifestyle, especially communication systems. Therefore, I have obtained knowledge of a social media-based communication system that controls corporate reputation. If you ask me to describe myself in three words; so, I would be a creative, hard worker, and tech-savvy person.
I believe my communication skills in social media and new technology will benefit your company in developing a communication system. Per your job details, you are seeking a public relations officer who can effectively regulate communication. Eventually, thank you again, Sir, for letting me introduce myself.
Self-introduction Example for Job Interview-3
Firstly, I would like to thank you, Sir, for allowing me to participate in the job interview and describe myself in front of you. I am Julia Barretto, but you can address me as Julia. My father died in my childhood; I am the only child of my parent. Therefore, I grew up in Manila, the Philippines, with my single mother. I have completed my secondary edition at Manila High School with outstanding results.
In addition, I have completed a bachelor's degree in corporate communication at the University of the Philippines Manila. Recently, I obtained a postgraduate degree at UP Manila.
Since my childhood, I have worked in a group and managed the group successfully. My hobby is communicating with people diplomatically. My strength is I am capable of making quick decisions. I can speak Tagalog, English, and Chinese. If you ask me to describe myself in three words, I would like to be an effective communicator, ICT manager, and suitable presenter. Although I do not have long-term working experience, I have worked in All Youth Channels, Inc. (AYC) to complete my industrial training. Now, I am trying to join an organization to utilize my potential. Finally, thank you again, Sir, for listening to the self-introduction words.
Self-introduction Sample for Job Interview-4
Firstly, I would like to thank you, Sir, for allowing me to attend this job interview. My name is Shakira Natasha, and I am 22 years old. I grew up with my fabulous family members in Selangor, Malaysia. Recently, I completed my Bachelor of Arts in International Relations at the University of Malaya. I managed to secure my position on the dean's list of students for three consecutive semesters. If I had to describe myself in three words; so, I would be creative, a fast learner, and versatile.
My passion is to involve myself in public relations. Already, I have been engaged in many volunteer programs, including sports programs, communication and multimedia events, and many more. Even though I am in my early twenties, I have few working experiences that helped me explore my passion. In 2018, I worked at an international organization as an internship trainee for three months. I have also worked as a part-time event coordinator and social media admin for a few local and international events.
Through my practical experiences, I am prepared mentally and physically to work for any organization as a public relations manager. I feel comfortable doing group tasks. Previously, I completed a few group tasks effectively as a group leader. Hopefully, I can show my expertise when getting professional duties. Finally, again, Sir, thank you for listening self-introduction with patience and giving me your valuable time.
Self-introduction Sample for Job Interview-5
Firstly, I would like to thank you, Sir, for permitting me to join the crucial job interview session and describe myself in front of you. My name is Daniel Wu. I grew up with my nuclear family at Pok Fu Lam in Hong Kong. In my family, we are two siblings and our parents. My father is a businessman, and my mother is a govt service holder. I have completed my secondary education at Caritas Wu Cheng-Chung Secondary School with satisfactory results.
I graduated in Civil and Structural Engineering at the University of Hong Kong, and I'm still a post-graduation student with a Master of Science in Engineering (Building Services Engineering). From the first year of my graduation, I have dreamed of presenting myself as a Civil engineer. For that reason, I am here now.
My strengths are a positive attitude, quick and self-learner, friendliness, and confidence. On the other hand, my weakness is that I feel uncomfortable until finishing the work assigned to me. I am a fresher, and I expect I can enhance my skills through foundation training and prove it in the service. Thank you for listening self-introduction with patience and for giving me your valuable time.
Self-introduction Sample for Job Interview-6
Hello Sir, good morning. This is M M Kobiruzzaman and I am from Bangladesh. I am 26 years old and live in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. I recently completed a Bachelor of Communication under the Modern Language and Communication faculty at the University Putra Malaysia, also known as UPM. UPM is one of Malaysia's leading public universities. I have completed my secondary and higher school certificate in Bangladesh with excellent results. My hobby is reading books and visiting new places. I am a hard worker, creative, and ambitious person. And I can speak Bengali, English, Hindi, moderately Malay, and Chinese.
I have enough computer literacy skills, such as operating systems, Microsoft Office, social media, and SPSS. As for my curriculum activity, I was the mass media and communication director of the Bangladesh Student Association at U.P.M. Previously; I worked as the editorial assistant of the Pacific Asian Communication Association. I used to check the citations and proofread the papers. I am looking for a job working as a content writer. That is all from me. Finally, thank you for letting me join this job interview and listening to my self-introduction speech.
Self-introduction Sample for Job Interview-7
Hello Sir, my name is Rupendra, and I am hailed from Chandigarh. I belong to a joint family in Chandigarh, where my parents, grandparents, and siblings live together. I recently completed my bachelor of business administration at Chandigarh University, a leading private university in India. My vision is to become a Business Development Executive. However, My hobby is visiting new places to learn more by improving my social and communication skills.
Earlier, I completed my internship at (Company name) as a Business Development Executive, and I used to work to expand the business based on existing resources. I managed to increase sales revenue using social media platforms and applied my academic knowledge of social media campaigns in promoting products. Finally, it yielded outstanding revenue for the company. Now I seek a position to show expertise and actualize my previous experiences. Finally, I would like to thank you again for listening to my self-introduction speech.
Self-introduction Sample for Job Interview-8
Firstly, thank you, Sir, for inviting me to the job interview. I am Fiona, hailed from Changping District, Beijing, China, and my father is a lecturer in Biology at the Beijing University of Agriculture.
I grew up in Changping with my family, and I am the only daughter of my parents. My mother's name is a Radiologist specialist working at Boren Hospital. I have recently completed my graduation and post-graduation from the Beijing University of Agriculture in the Department of Botany.
Hence, I aim to become a biology lecturer at your institute (University/ College). I have five years of experience in the teaching profession, and now I am looking for a teaching job. That's all about myself, Sir, and thank you again for listening to my self-introduction speech.
Self-introduction Sample for Job Interview-9
Firstly, I would like to thank you, Sir, for joining this Job interview session. This is Sharmin Akter, and my nickname is Ela. I hailed from Pabna, the north Bengal district in the Rajshahi division. I have completed my graduation and post-graduation from the Institute of Disaster Management and Vulnerability Studies at the University of Dhaka in Bangladesh. Before that, I passed SSC in 2014 from (School Name) under (Board Name) and Passed HSC in 2016 from (College Name) under the same board. My hobby is reading books and listening to songs.
However, I want to work in the emergency and disaster management team. I'm working hard and soul to make my dream come true. I have participated in some campaigns relevant to crisis management during natural disasters in Bangladesh. According to the team leader, my performance was outstanding, especially in communication. Again thank you, Sir, and thank you again for listening to my self-introduction speech. That's all from me.
Self-introduction Sample for Job Interview For Medical Doctor-10
Firstly, I would like to thank you, Sir, for allowing me to join the job interview and describe myself in front of you. This is Yohani Diloka De Silva, hailing from Colombo, the largest city in Sri Lanka. I grew up in a wonderful family with my parents and only sister. My father is a retired army officer, and my mother is a flight attendant.
I have completed my secondary edition at Visakha Vidyalaya. Since my childhood, I cherish to do something to help people. Therefore, I got admitted to the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) at Management & Science University in Malaysia. Finally, I have managed to complete my MBBS with excellent results. I want to attend a private medical college as a medical assistant. Therefore, I am here sitting in front of you. Thank you again, Sir, for listening to my self-introduction speech.
Do's and Don'ts During Self-Introduction
Do's in Self-Introduction For Job Interview
Firstly, applicants should smile when introducing themselves but not laugh. Additionally, they should mention the nickname or alternative name if they have one. Furthermore, applicants may submit their parents and family members if they are relevant to the position. For example, the applicant was interviewed for teaching, and their father was a teacher. In this regard, they might mention his father's name and designation. However, the hobby, passion, and strength should be relevant to the position they are interviewed for.
Moreover, applicants should communicate with both verbal and nonverbal cues. For example, they must maintain body language, gestures, posture, eye contact, and facial expression. Finally, you have to be honest and authentic when disseminating information.
Don'ts in Self-Introduction For Job Interview
Firstly, applicants should not discuss unnecessary issues like siblings' relatives and political and religious interests. Additionally, they should avoid jargon and exaggerate their strengths and experiences. Furthermore, applicants should not mention that "I want this job or position." Moreover, they should not talk negatively about their previous job and employers. Finally, interviewees must not describe CV information word by word.
