Category: Communication Types

Communication means sharing knowledge and exchanging information verbally and non-verbally. It is a natural way of imparting information by speaking, writing, or using other channels or media.

Definition of Communication:

Firstly, Communication is the sharing of meaning in human life.
Secondly, Effective communication is a successful communication satisfaction on both sides of the communicator.
Thirdly, Effective communication must be ethical and centered on the truth.

It is the act of exchanging information between two individuals. It happens intentionally or unintentionally. The way of communication is divided into one way of communication or linear and two-way communication or transitional.

Communication Perspective:

Communication as an action (action): one-way, as interaction (interaction): two-way, a transaction (transaction): two-way.

Components in Human Communication Process:

Sources: converts the message into a code Receiver: decoded the messages Message: giving meaning Channel: the path to send the message Barriers (Noise): message interruption Encode: translating ideas, feelings, and thoughts to code Decode: translating ideas, feelings, and thoughts that have made to code Context: communication environment both physically and psychologically Responses: response to a message

12 Types of Nonverbal Communication Definition and Examples

This article explains the 12 Types of Non-verbal Communication: Physical Appearance, Paralinguistics, Body Movement, Gestures, Posture, Facial Expression, Eye Contact, Proxemics, Haptics, Chronemics, Artifacts, and Environment.

Nonverbal Communication Definition

Nonverbal communication is the transmission of messages through nonverbal elements, such as physical appearance, eye contact, facial expressions, body movements, gestures, and posture. Therefore, it is also known as a non-verbal cue. The four types of communication contexts are verbal, nonverbal, visual, and written.

Nonverbal communication conveys messages without spoken words. On the other hand, verbal communication means conveying a message through written and spoken words. The combination of both verbal and nonverbal cues generates effective interaction between the sender and receiver. Effective communication relies on using both verbal and nonverbal communication cues.

Using verbal and nonverbal cues during interaction can make communication more effective and efficient. There are several types of noise in communication: physical, physiological, psychological, and environmental. The combination of verbal and nonverbal communication reduces communication noise and makes the interaction more effective. The researchers have mentioned nonverbal communication cues as components of the communication process.

Example of Nonverbal Communication

For example, Rose types on a laptop while interacting with her senior Boss. Simultaneously, the Boss asks her when she wants to submit the company’s new business report. Rose raises two fingers, focusing his eyes on the laptop. The Boss leaves the place, saying, All right. Rose intends to complete the business report at 2 PM, and the Boss completely understands the message. Raising two fingers is a nonverbal communication example that conveys the message in this context.

Similarly, the Boss shows a thumbs-up gesture when Rose says she has emailed the report before 2 PM. Here, a thumbs-up conveys the Boss’s good job message to Rose. There are thousands of examples of nonverbal communication: eye contact, gestures, posture, silence, an angry face, an anxious mood, smiles, talking fast, and many more.

Types of Nonverbal Communication

The 12 Types of Nonverbal Communication are:

1. Physical Appearance
2. Paralinguistics (Vocalics)
3. Body Movement
4. Gestures
5. Posture
6. Facial Expression
7. Eye Contact
8. Proxemics (Space)
9. Haptics (Touch)
10. Chronemics (Time)
11. Artifacts
12. Environment (Context)

Many scholars term the types as components and examples of nonverbal communication.

Nonverbal Communication Types

1. Physical Appearance Nonverbal Communication

Physical appearance is one of the significant types of nonverbal communication that conveys a strong message about who you are and where you study or work. A proverb says, “The first impression is the best impression.” People assume others’ education, attire, hygiene, professionalism, success, moral character, social position, and trustworthiness by physical appearance.

According to a statistical report, people take less than 10 seconds in the first meeting to form an impression of others. Clothes are significant elements in conveying messages to other group members. Casual attire is more acceptable in informal meetings because it reflects trustworthiness. On the other hand, a professional appearance is well-accepted in business meetings and formal group presentations. However, research shows that good-looking people make more money and get promoted more often than those with average looks.

Physical Appearance Examples

For example, two people are walking on the road wearing different dresses. The first person wears formal attire, and the second person wears a jersey and shorts. Most people can guess a person’s profession from their dress. Usually, employees follow official dress codes, including shoes and hairstyles.

On the other hand, football players wear jerseys, shorts, boots, and socks. The dress conveys a message about their profession without spoken words. So, physical appearance is a significant form of nonverbal communication that conveys a strong message about the communicator.

2. Paralinguistics Nonverbal Communication

Paralinguistics refers to the meta-communication elements of nonverbal communication that modify the message’s meaning. It is also known as vocalics, paralanguage, or voice in nonverbal communication. Paralinguistics refers to the ways we use our voices when speaking to someone.

In addition to physical appearance, paralinguistics is another crucial type of nonverbal communication that significantly changes the meaning of the speaker’s speech. Examples of paralinguistics are inflection, tone, pitch, filler words, indicators, volume, rate, and articulation. People have more than 630 muscles, but use around 72 of them together to deliver a speech. The tongue is the most significant and robust muscle among them. People use this tongue to generate these paralinguistic elements during nonverbal communication.

Paralinguistics Nonverbal Communication Examples

3. Body Movement Nonverbal Communication

Body movement refers to communication through the head, hands, and hand movements —nonverbal communication —using body angles. The body angles between two people reveal their relationship. People tend to lean toward the speaker when they are interested in the discussion topic. On the other hand, people tend to orient away from the speaker when they do not like the discussion topic. The same thing happens when the audience likes or dislikes the speaker personally. People use their bodies mostly in interaction; therefore, it is a crucial type of nonverbal communication.

Body Movement Nonverbal Communication Examples

For example, males tend to lean towards females in confined conditions, and females face away.

Body movement is also part of body language, or Kinesic, nonverbal communication. Kinesics is the study of nonverbal communication, including body movement, facial expressions, gestures, and posture. According to the statistics report, people use 7% of words, 38% of voice, and 55% of body language in communication.

Elements of Kinesics in Nonverbal Communication

Kinesics is the symbolic meaning of body movements. Ekman and Friesen (1969) developed five types of components of Kinesics, also known as body movements.

Five Types of Kinesics in Communication

The five types of Kinesics Communication are Emblems, Illustrators, Affect Displays, Regulators, and Adaptors.

1. Emblems

Emblems are body movements that can carry information without using verbal communication. For example, a thumbs-up means OK, waving a hand means goodbye, and the Logo represents something.

2. Illustrator

Illustrators are body movements that transmit a complete message with or without verbal communication. Communicators link illustrators with oral action to make the interaction more effective. For example, a person is showing directions to the Bank and explaining them verbally.

3. Affect Display

Affect displays are body movements that relate to your emotions. For example, a slumping body, a relaxed body, and a confident body.

4. Regulators

Regulators are body movements that emphasize further action. It also determines turn-taking in conversations—for example, controlling communication, such as a nod of the head.

5. Adaptors

Adaptors are body movements to adapt to a situation and the current environment. For example, it reveals nervousness, fixing clothes, nose scratches, stress, and anxiety.

4. Gestures Nonverbal Communication

Gestures are a form of nonverbal communication that includes waving hands, nodding, and pointing. The gesture makes communication more lively and effective. The speakers may be perceived as boring, stiff, and unanimated if they do not use gestures while speaking. Head nods and raking fingers through hair are gestures.

Gestures Nonverbal Communication Examples

For example, the Deaf community worldwide develops and uses various sign languages.

5. Posture Nonverbal Communication

Posture is one of the crucial types of nonverbal communication that is related to body position. It represents numerous messages through the way people walk, talk, stand, and sit. Posture denotes the body position in nonverbal communication.

Posture Nonverbal Communication Examples

For example, standing erect but not rigid and leaning slightly forward communicates to your audience that you are approachable, receptive, and friendly. Additionally, speaking with your back turned or looking at the floor or ceiling should be avoided; it communicates disinterest to your audience.

6. Facial Expression Nonverbal Communication

Facial expression is one of the most common forms of nonverbal communication that influences interaction. It plays a crucial role in regulating the interaction and conveying the message. Facial expression includes the mouth, eyebrows, and facial muscles. Facial expressions demonstrate approval or disapproval of the topic being discussed. The audience’s facial expressions indicate whether the speech is exciting. The five universal facial expressions are Happiness, Sadness, Anger, Fear, and Surprise.

People have over 30 facial muscles to help them smile or frown; for example, 17 to smile and 43 to frown.

Facial Expression Nonverbal Communication Examples

For example, people open their mouths and extend their eyebrows when surprised.

7. Eye Contact Nonverbal Communication

Eye Contact is a significant type of nonverbal communication that regulates and controls communication. It is also known as oculesics, meaning the study of eye behavior. Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in the body. Scientists estimate that the eyes move more than 100,000 times a day.

Eye Contact Nonverbal Communication Examples

8. Haptics in Nonverbal Communication

Haptic communication occurs when people interact with the sense of touch. It plays a significant role in the communication process. It refers to the touch that conveys the crucial message. Therefore, haptics is another type of nonverbal communication that conveys information through touch.

Haptics Nonverbal Communication Examples

The most noteworthy examples of haptics are holding hands, hugging, tickling, and kissing.

9. Proxemics in Nonverbal Communication

Proxemics refers to the interpersonal space during communication that affects the interaction. It is a familiar type of nonverbal communication that represents the seating arrangements. Proxemics are very significant factors in the workplace. It also plays an influential role in describing your position and attitude.

For example, dominant group members position themselves more centrally in the group’s space. However, task- and socially-oriented leaders maintain space ratio or territoriality during the exhibit group meeting.

Proxemics Nonverbal Communication Examples

Interpersonal Spaces

In 1969, Hall introduced the Four Types of Interpersonal Spaces: Intimate, Personal, Social, and Public Distance.

1. Intimate distance ( 0-18 inches (45.72 cm): For example, close friends, some family members, and lovers maintain close distance; therefore, it is also a private zone.

2. Personal distance (18 in. – 4 ft (1.22 m), an arm’s length away): For example, friends and acquaintances maintain this distance when interacting with each other.

3. Social distance ( 4 – 8 ft (2.44 m): For example, strangers maintain social distance as they do not have intimate relationships.

4. Public distance ( >8 ft (2.44 m): A speaker presents to a larger audience.

10. Chronemics in Nonverbal Communication

Chronemics refers to the role of time during nonverbal interaction. It is not spoken speech; instead, it represents the communication gap. Therefore, it is another example of nonverbal communication that indicates how much time to talk and how long to elapse when interacting with others. For example, how many members speak, and how long they wait before responding to other group members.

In 1976, Edward T. Hall introduced the concepts of monochronic and polychronic time to distinguish one culture from another. Monochronic shows the representative who is punctual and active. On the other hand, polychronic represents lazy people.

Chronemics Nonverbal Communication Examples

For example, in most countries, bosses come to the meeting after the employees. The employees think that they must be present at the meeting before the Boss arrives. The employees are active and join the discussion early. In contrast, the person will be considered lazy if they arrive late to the meeting. Bosses can defer or cancel the appointment.

The lower-status person is willing to wait for the higher-status person. The higher-status person talks more than the lower-status person and dominates communication. Lower-status people are reluctant to interrupt communication.

11. Artifacts Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal artifacts in communication include physical objects a person uses, such as clothing and shoe brands, mobile phones, laptops, car brands, tattoos, piercings, and jewelry. It is also known as the communicator’s belongings. However, artifacts assist the audience strongly in forming a perception of the speakers. The audience can identify the speaker’s personality through artifacts.

Artifacts of nonverbal communication examples

For example, a person drives a BMW, suggesting that the person is wealthy. Similarly, if a person wears a good brand of clothing and diamond jewelry, these artifacts also indicate that the person is rich. Likewise, sportspeople and singers are more likely to have tattoos than ordinary people. Tattoos denounce the social groups they are in. People with expensive jewelry represent their personality and socio-economic conditions.

In 2024, people think rich people use the latest smartphones, such as the iPhone 15, iPhone 15 Pro, Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra, and Google Pixel 8 Pro. In a business context, smartphones are influential artifacts that help shape perceptions of the people who own them.

12. Environment Nonverbal Communication

The environment of nonverbal communication refers to the surrounding context of communication. Context in communication refers to the climate of the discussion.

It mentions the physical environment of the discussion. Aneurin Bevan, a British political leader, recognized that the color of the conference room affected the political campaigns. He noticed that party conferences are more successful when they are held in a bright-colored room rather than a depressing one. The environment conveys a message that motivates others.

Environment Nonverbal Communication Examples

Customers develop negative perceptions of the company and its products. For example, potential clients would not be interested in buying the products if the management set a meeting in a dirty room. In contrast, customers are more interested in purchasing the products when the meeting is held in the office. The environment conveys both positive and negative messages based on the situation.

Conclusion

The twelve types of nonverbal communication are Physical Appearance, Paralinguistics, Body Movement, Gestures, Posture, Facial Expression, Eye Contact, Proxemics, Haptics, Chronemics, Artifacts, and Environment. However, there are many more types of nonverbal communication in the world, such as Silence and olfaction.

Citation For This Article(APA-7th)

Kobiruzzaman, M. M. (2025). Nonverbal Communication: 12 Types of Nonverbal Communication Examples. Newsmoor- Best Online Learning Platform. https://newsmoor.com/nonverbal-communication-types-12-types-of-nonverbal-communication-example/

Communication Elements- 9 Elements of Communication Process

Communication Elements- The 9 Elements of the Communication process are Context, Sender, Encoder, Messages, Channel, Decoder, Receiver, Feedback, and Noise. Additionally, Examples of the 9 Components of Communication.

Communication Elements

Communication elements are essential components and stages connected with transmitting messages from senders to receivers. They are also known as the elements of an effective communication process. Communication elements initiate and regulate the information-sharing cycle between the sender and receiver. Therefore, communication elements are essential and interconnected parts of the communication process.

Based on linear, interactive, and transactional models, the nine elements of communication are Context, Sender, Encoder, Message, Channel, Decoder, Receiver, Feedback, and Noise. These are essential tools and mechanisms, except for noise, for conveying messages between sender and receiver. Communication elements are also known as the components of an effective communication process.

Communication Process

The communication process refers to the exchange of information, whether verbal or nonverbal, between the sender and receiver. Verbal communication means communication among people through spoken words. Nonverbal communication refers to interaction among humans through nonverbal cues such as tone of voice, facial expression, movement, body language, eye contact- nonverbal communication, and so more. Communication means conveying a message via written text, speech, signals, visuals, or behavior. It is also a process of exchanging opinions and imparting knowledge between the speaker and the audience through communication elements.

9 Elements of Communication

The 9 Elements of Communication are;

Context
Sender
Encoder
Message
Channel
Decoder
Receiver
Feedback
Noise

Communication Elements- 9 Elements of Communication. Elements of the communication process with examples. Components of communication. — Nine Elements of the Communication Process With Examples

1. Context in Communication

Context refers to the environment of communication in which an interaction occurs. Communication context is the circumstances and prime element of every communication process that governs communication among senders and receivers. The five most common communication contexts are intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public, and mass communication. Additionally, this context may be physical, historical, psychological, social, chronological, or cultural. For example, you may feel comfortable sharing your personal information with close friends rather than colleagues, and you will not speak to an unknown person as you talk to your wife. So, the context of communication sets the environment of the communication process.

Types of Communication Context

Based on the number of audiences, the five types of communication contexts are intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public, and mass communication.

Based on the types of communication, there are two contexts: verbal and nonverbal.

Based on situational factors, communication contexts include physical, online, organizational, cultural, temporal, and socio-psychological.

Example of Context in Communication

For example, Elly talks to her husband informally and feels very comfortable doing so. Therefore, the social context is derived from this communication process and is also an interpersonal context, as they communicate face-to-face.

2. Sender in Communication

A sender is a person who sends a message to the receiver. The sender is also known as the message encoder. The sender initiates the communication process by sending a message or information. Therefore, the sender is a significant element of the communication process. A sender creates and uses symbols (words, graphics, or visual aids) to convey the message and elicit the desired response. Therefore, a sender is a speaker, writer, or person who provides the information to share opinions, ideas, and messages.

Example of Sender in Communication

For example, Elly is the sender and encoder who sends messages to communicate with her husband, and the sender is the person who sends the message to share with others. So, Elly is the sender and an element of the communication process.

3. Encoding in Communication

Encoding is the process of transforming abstract ideas and opinions into symbols such as words, pictures, signs, and marks. A symbol might represent or indicate opinions, statements, and actions. In contrast, decoding is the process of transforming the symbol into an idea or thought. Encoding is the process of transforming the subject into symbols. The encoding process is related to the sender and receiver.

The message of any communication is always abstract and intangible. Transmission of the message requires the use of certain symbols.

Example of Encoding in Communication

For example, Elly has translated his thoughts into words to convey the message to his husband, a process called encoding. Here, converting ideas into words is the process of encoding. Words serve as the symbols of spoken communication. She called her husband and said a few words to share an opinion and send a message.

4. Message in Communication

The message refers to the information, ideas, feelings, opinions, thoughts, attitudes, and views the sender wants to deliver to the receiver. The message seems like a vital element of any communication process. Any communication conveys a message or shares ideas, opinions, thoughts, and information. Invariably, the sender wants to convey a message to the receiver. So, senders need to ensure the message’s main objective is clear and understandable.

Messages may be conveyed through verbal and nonverbal cues. Verbal cues are the spoken language of the speaker, for instance, spoken words.

On the other hand, the most common types of nonverbal communication include facial expressions, eye contact, physical appearance, posture, and gestures.

Example of a Message in Communication

For example, Elly was speaking to convey a message, indicating verbal communication. She also showed her angry face to her son to reduce the TV volume, which is an example of non-verbal communication. In this regard, spoken words and facial expressions are examples of communication messages. The most common forms of communication are spoken words, written words, facial expressions, eye contact, phone calls, video, email, and text messages. Facial expression, eye contact, and body language are nonverbal communication channels that convey messages.

5. Channel in Communication

A channel is the means of transmitting a message from one person to others and from one place to others. It is also known as a medium of communication that conveys the message from the sender to the receiver. Communicators use different channels to communicate in distinct contexts. In face-to-face communication, the sender’s senses— such as hearing, seeing, smelling, touching, and tasting—are the channels for conveying information. It is also a crucial element of the communication process.

On the other hand, organizations use Television, Newspapers, and radio to disseminate information. People use computers and mobile phones to communicate with people who live far away. Many people use virtual meeting platforms to conduct group discussions. Sometimes people choose a written medium, such as a letter, to convey a message, while others prefer an oral medium when spontaneous feedback from the recipient is required.

In 2024, most people use social media sites such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Google Meet to communicate with others. Social media communication channels seem convenient ways to send and receive messages. However, people experience both the advantages and disadvantages of social media communication.

Example of a Channel in Communication

For example, Elly has transmitted the message through a smartphone, so the smartphone is the channel of the communication process. She uses technology to convey messages, a form of mediated communication. The most common communication channels are TV, Radio, Newspapers, Social media, and the five human senses. For instance, Global Assistant is a renowned education consultant in Asia, and it communicates with potential customers through its official websites and social media platforms. So, websites and social media sites are channels of communication.

6. Decoding in Communication

Decoding is “the process of translating an encoded symbol into ordinary, understandable language, in contrast to the encoder. In this process, the receiver converts the symbols received from the sender into thoughts. Decoding is the opposite of encoding, revealing the message’s meaning.

Example of Decoding in Communication

For example, Elly has transformed his thoughts into words to convey the message to her husband, a process called encoding. At the same time, her husband converts those words into thoughts to understand the message, a process called decoding.

7. Receiver in Communication

Unlike the sender, a receiver is the person to whom the message is directed. Therefore, the receiver is the audience in the communication process, decoding the message to perceive its meaning. The sender indeed sends a message aimed at the receiver. Receivers can be a single person, a group, or an entire population. The degree to which the decoder understands the message depends on various factors, such as the recipient’s knowledge, responsiveness to the message, and the encoder’s reliance on the decoder.

Example of a Receiver in Communication

For example, Elly sent a message targeting her husband, with whom she wanted to communicate. Hence, her husband is the receiver in this context of communication.

8. Feedback in Communication

Feedback in communication refers to the response of the receiver or audience. It is one of the main elements of the effective communication process that differentiates the communication models into linear and transactional. Linear communication models explain one-way communication without feedback. Feedback is an inevitable component of the transactional model. Feedback may be verbal (through words) or nonverbal (through smiles, sighs, etc.). It may take written form, as well as memos, reports, etc. Feedback is also an essential element of the transactional communication process.

Feedback differentiates the linear and transitional models of communication. Linear means one-way communication, and transactional denotes two-way communication. The communication model is linear if there is no feedback in the communication process, for example, Aristotle’s Model of Communication, Shannon and Weaver’s Model of Communication, Lasswell’s Communication Model, and Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication.

On the other hand, the communication model will be identified as an interactive and transitional communication model if the feedback is presented, for example, the Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication, the Westley and Maclean Model of Communication, Eugene White’s Model of Communication, and the Helical Model of Communication.

Example of Feedback in Communication

For example, Elly’s husband asked about paying the electricity bill due date. Additionally, feedback is demonstrated when the students reply to the lecturer’s questions.

9. Noise in Communication

Noise refers to the communication barrier or obstacles to effective communication. It is also known as communication noise or a communication barrier. Noise is an unwanted element of communication that communicators always want to avoid during the interaction.

It is the barrier that obstructs the effectiveness of the communication process. Noise exists in all kinds of communication, such as face-to-face, group, and mediated communication. Communication will be more effective and interactive if there is no noise. Noises are unnecessary elements of communication that distract receivers from receiving the message.

Example of Noise in Communication

For example, Elly’s son watches a cartoon video on Television with the volume on high when talking to her husband. The sound of the cartoon video bars Elly from listening to her husband’s speech, so it is an example of a communication barrier, communication noise, or communication distraction.

Types of Communication Noises

The seven types of noise in communication are physical, physiological, psychological, semantic, and cultural.

The 9 Elements of Communication with Examples

Examples of 9 Communication Elements

Elly wants to pay the electricity bill. She thinks that her husband (Jack) can pay for it now; therefore, Elly requests her husband to deposit $100 for the electricity bill while talking to her husband on a smartphone. At the same time, her son watched a cartoon video on Television with the volume on high. Therefore, her husband could not understand precisely how much he needed to pay for the electricity bill. So, she repeated the exact words to confirm with him. Consequently, her husband asked about the due date for paying the electricity bill, and she replied that today was the last day to pay without penalty. In the meantime, she showed her angry face to her son to reduce the TV volume. Instantly, her son reduced the volume.

Based on the example, the context is a verbal communication. Verbal communication occurs when people converse in person or by phone. Elly is the sender, encoder, receiver, and decoder at the same time. Similarly, her husband is both a sender and an encoder, and a receiver and a decoder. Turning the thought into a message is the act of encoding. In contrast, transferring the message into view is the process of decoding. The smartphone is the medium or channel of the communication process, and TV volume is the environmental noise that impedes it.

Example Scenario of Nine Communication Elements

Sender: Elly
Message: “Deposit $100 for the electricity bill.“
Encoding: “Elly decides to call her husband to send a message”.
Channel: Phone Call
Receiver: Her Husband (Jack)
Decoding: Her Husband (Jack) interpreted the message and took action
Feedback: “Asked about the due date for paying the electricity bill”.
Noise: “TV Sounds”.
Context: “Verbal Communication”.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the nine elements of the communication process are context, sender, encoder, message, channel, decoder, receiver, feedback, and noise. These components are essential in the transactional communication process. The communication process might fail without any elements other than noise, because noise is an unwanted communication element. This article has presented the nine elements of the communication process with examples. The author completed a Bachelor’s and Master’s in Communication at the University of Putra Malaysia. He published several papers on communication in a Scopus-indexed journal. This article helps students to complete their assignments and researchers to conduct research projects.

Citation For This Article(APA-7th & MLA-9th Edition)

APA	Kobiruzzaman, M. M. (2025). 9 Elements of Communication Process With Examples. Newsmoor- Best Online Learning Platform. https://newsmoor.com/communication-elements-9-components-of-basic-communication-process/