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Best Private University in Malaysia 2026 For International Students

Top QS-Ranked Private University in Malaysia 2026. Top 20 Best Private Universities in Malaysia.

Best Private University in Malaysia

The best private universities are the best non-government educational institutes in Malaysia that provide foundation, diploma, bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. programs. The five educational institutes in Malaysia are public universities, private universities, university colleges, training centers, and language centers. Malaysia holds more than 100 educational institutes, including public and private universities. Malaysia also hosts many reputable foreign university campuses from the USA, UK, Australia, Ireland, China, etc. According to the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia, there are currently 20 public universities in Malaysia, 50 private universities, 34 university colleges, 10 foreign university campuses, and more than 50 language institutes.

Top QS-Ranked Private University in Malaysia 2026

According to the QS World University Rankings, Taylor’s University is the top-ranked private university in Malaysia that ranked 253rd in the QS World University ranked 2026. Additionally, UCSI University ranked 269th, Sunway University 410th, and INTI International University ranked 509th.

The list of the top QS world universities in Malaysia is as follows:

Taylor’s University	Kuala Lumpur	253
UCSI University	Kuala Lumpur	269
Sunway University	Kuala Lumpur	410
INTI International University	Nilai	509
Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN)	Kuala Lumpur	551
Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation (APU) Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	597
Management and Science University (MSU)	Shah Alam	597
Lincoln University College	Kuala Lumpur	638
SEGi UNIVERSITY	Kota Damansara, Kuala Lumpur	731-740
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR)	Kampar, Perak	791-800
Multimedia University (MMU)	Cyberjaya	851-900
University of Cyberjaya	Cyberjaya	951-1000
Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL)	Kuala Lumpur	1201-1400

Top 10 Best Private Universities in Malaysia

The list of the Top 20 Private Universities in Malaysia is:

Taylor’s University
Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation (APU)
Management and Science University (MSU)
Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN)
Multimedia University (MMU)
University Kuala Lumpur (UniKL)
UCSI University
INTI University
SEGi University
Mahsa University
Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL)
HELP University
University of Cyberjaya (UoC)
Putra Business School (UPM)
City University
Nilai University
UNIRAZAK University
UNITAR International University (UNITAR)
AIMST University
Limkokwing University

Top 20 Best University in Malaysia — Top 20 Best Universities in Malaysia

1. Taylor’s University

Taylor is the best private university in Malaysia for its world QS ranking and lakeside campus. The lakeside campus is located in Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. Taylor’s University ranks 251st in the QS World Rankings 2026. Therefore, it is the best top-ranked university for its ranking, campus location, infrastructural development, and American degree program. It offers engineering, business studies, tourism and hospitality, and law courses. Taylor is the best private university in Malaysia for law. The tuition fees of Taylor’s University appear reasonable compared to other top-ranked universities globally.

This university offers credit transfer degrees to America, the UK, Canada, and Australia. Students can transfer credit to America after completing 65 credits. The American credit transfer program is applicable for Bachelors in Business, Computer Science, Engineering, and Liberal Arts. The postgraduate student can transfer credits to an American university and get admission to the Master of Communication.

Taylor's University Lakeside Campus

Taylor’s University Fees From the Official Website

2. Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation (APU)

Asia Pacific University (APU) is one of the best private universities in Malaysia, also known as the Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation (APU). The main campus of APU is located at Technology Park Malaysia, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia. So, it is only 15 kilometers from the Petronas Twin Towers and 50 kilometers from Kuala Lumpur International Airport. APU achieved the 5-Star under the SETARA- 2018 for its outstanding performance in the education sector. According to Asia University Rank- 2022, APU ranks globally among Asia’s top 10 private and 300 universities. The students won multiple awards for outstanding performance; for example, in 2018, APU won the ASEAN Virtual Business Plan competition award. The APIIT accepted the prestigious Prime Minister’s Award in March 2011.

Asia Pacific University (APU) Tuition Fees 2026

APU is one of the top private universities in Malaysia for offering diverse engineering, business, management, finance, technology, and information programs. It is a famous university for offering information technology-related programs, including artificial intelligence, computer game development, and cybersecurity. It also provides local and international students’ foundation, diploma, bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. programs. APU is the best private university in Malaysia for engineering studies.

3. Management and Science University (MSU)

Management and Science University (MSU) has become one of Malaysia’s top 20 private universities for securing jobs for its graduate students; according to the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia 2025, around 98 percent of graduate students of MSU secure jobs within one year after graduation. It was established in 2001 in Shah Alam, Selangor.

The campus address of Management and Science University is University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. It is also located in the capital of Malaysia and very near the international airport.

Management and Science University (MSU) Fees 2026

MSU is the best private university in Malaysia for medicine and computer science, engineering, business, law, information technology, visual arts, and law studies. Additionally, it offers diplomas and bachelor’s degrees in traditional Chinese medicine. It also shows the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS), biomedical science, and pharmacy.

4. Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN)

University Tenaga Nasional is the most renowned energy university in Malaysia. UNITEN is the short form of University Tenaga Nasional. It is a semi-government university located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. UNITEN was established in 1997 by Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). According to the QS world ranking, UNITEN ranked 701 – 750 for its outstanding achievement.

University Tenaga Nasional is one of the best universities in Malaysia for offering Engineering programs, including Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electrical Power Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Science(System and Networking), Computer Science (Software Engineering), Computer Science(cybersecurity), and more.

5. Multimedia University (MMU)

Multimedia University (MMU) is a semi-government research university in Malaysia, founded in 1996. MMU holds three campuses in Malaysia, including Cyberjaya, Johor, and Malacca campuses. It ranked top five universities in Malaysia in 2025 for its outstanding teaching performance. MMU’s main campus is at Persiaran Multimedia, 63100 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia. Cyberjaya is known as the Silicon Valley of Malaysia, the prime part of the Multimedia Super Corridor in Malaysia.

Multimedia University (MMU) Cyberjaya, Malaysia

Multimedia University (MMU) Tuition Fees 2024

MMU is the best private computer science university specializing in software engineering, game development, data science, and cybersecurity. MMU provides up to 100 percent scholarship for the master’s program by research and Ph.D. Additionally, it assists undergraduate students in getting a President’s merit and Talent scholarship. MMU allows students to join the intake with only one semester’s tuition fees. So, local and international students can start their studies after paying one semester’s tuition fees in 2024. MMU is also an affordable university in Malaysia for international students.

6. University Kuala Lumpur (UniKL)

Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL) is another semi-government university, followed by the UNITEN and MMU. UniKL is a technology-specialized university with more than ten campuses across Malaysia. Majlis Amanah Rakyat established this university in 2002. Malaysia’s Ministry of Rural and Regional Development regulates and governs this university directly. UniKL is a remarkable university for offering an aircraft engineering technology program for local and international students.

UniKL offers a diverse program for engineering students, including electrical and electronics, biomedical lab science, air conditioning and industrial refrigeration, automotive maintenance, avionics maintenance, helicopter maintenance, chemical engineering technology, and computer and software.

Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL) also offers medically related programs, including pharmacy, nursing, radiography, physiotherapy, and MBBS.

7. UCSI University

UCSI is one of the best private universities in Malaysia for various programs that include engineering, IT, management, multimedia, creative art, pharmacy, music, applied science, etc. It contains all types of courses; for example, foundation, diploma, bachelor’s, and postgraduate programs, including master’s and Ph.D.

The address of UCSI University is UCSI Heights, 1, Jalan Puncak Menara Gading, Taman Connaught, 56000 Cheras, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Additionally, it has three more campuses in Malaysia, namely the KL Campus, the Sarawak Campus, and the Terengganu Campus. It holds more than 10,000 international students.

8. INTI University

The main campus of the INTI International University is located at Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. It also has three campuses in Malaysia: Subang Jaya, Penang, and Sabah. The Subang Jaya campus is located in Kuala Lumpur. Since 1986, INTI University has produced more than 55,000 graduates in the last 36 years. It has become one of Malaysia’s most famous private universities for its teaching strategy, sophisticated management tools, and global resources. Additionally, INTI University collaborated with top-ranked international universities to conduct the mobility program. Moreover, it collaborated with over 400 local and international companies like IBM, TM, Paypal Malaysia, DiGi Telecommunications Sdn Bhd, KPMG, and Huawei. It is the most renowned university in Malaysia for offering the American Credit Transfer Program.

INTI International University Fees 2026

The most famous programs are BBA, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Science, Information Technology, Bachelor’s in Biotechnology, etc. In addition, INTI offers dual programs such as a BA (Hons) in Graphic Design, a BA (Hons) in Fashion Management & Communication, and a BA (Hons) in Interior Design at Sheffield Hallam University, UK. INTI is the best private university in Malaysia for law (UK Degree Transfer Programme for 2 Years). Similarly, students at INTI University can experience the American Degree Transfer Program (AUP).

9. SEGi University

SEGi University has been recognized as one of the top private research universities for providing quality education and maintaining an academic environment. It was established in 1977, and the main campus is located at Kota Damansara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Apart from the main campus, it has four more campuses in Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur, Subang Jaya, Penang, and Sarawak. It has collaborated with the following universities: Abertay University in Scotland, The University of Southern Queensland in Australia, The University of Sunderland in the UK, the University of York St John, and the University of Greenwich.

SEGi University Tuition Fees 2026

SEGi is the best private university in Malaysia for offering diverse programs, including foundation, diploma, bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. It is also the best private university in Malaysia for medicine, computer science, engineering, and business studies.

10. Mahsa University

Mahsa University operates the administrative and academic activities from its main campus in Bandar Saujana Putra, 42610, Selangor, in Malaysia. The Ministry of Education in Malaysia declared an online university. So, it provides physical and virtual classes for international students through virtual meeting platforms.

Mahsa University Tuition Fees 2026

Mahsa is one of the top private universities in Malaysia for studying MBBS. It offers biosciences, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy, and health science programs. Mahsa also provides hospitality management, business, finance, information technology, and engineering programs. It also provides a dual award program for local and international students.

11. University of Cyberjaya (UoC)

University of Cyberjaya (UoC) is a private university established in 2005. The main campus is located at Cyberjaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Cyberjaya is the most beautiful and organized town in Malaysia. The former name of this university is Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences (CUCMS). It is the most notable university for the MBBS program. UoC offers medical courses at a low cost compared to other universities in Malaysia. It enrolls around 6,000 students from more than 50 countries. The University of Cyberjaya’s fees are lower than other universities in Malaysia.

The University of Cyberjaya offers diverse courses for international students, including medicine & bachelor of surgery (MBBS), Pharmacy, Homeopathic Medical Science, Psychology, Physiotherapy, and more. It also offers a Doctor of Pharmacy, a Ph.D. in Science, and a Ph.D. in Medical.

12. Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL)

Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL) was established in 1998. IUKL is a private university, and the campus is located in Kajang, between University Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) and University Putra Malaysia (UPM). It ranked among the 45 top universities in Malaysia, including public and private institutions. It is an exceptional university in Malaysia for offering a landscape architecture program. IUKL offers various courses for science, commerce, and art students.

The university address is as follows: Block 11, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur De Centrum City, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, 43000 Kajang, Selangor.

13. HELP University

HELP University is a notable private institute in Malaysia that offers medical and business-related programs. It was established in 1986, and the main campus is at the heart of Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. The campus address is Bukit Damansara, 50490 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

The website link is as follows: https://university.help.edu.my.

14. Putra Business School (UPM)

Putra Business School is an AACSB and ABEST21-accredited private institute in Malaysia established in 1997. This campus is inside the University Putra Malaysia campus near University Tenaga National (UNITEN) and Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL). However, PBS offers only postgraduate courses, including master’s and Ph.D. It enrolls around 4000 students globally. Master of Business Administration is the most famous program offered by PBS.

PBS produces a massive number of leaders and skilled employees yearly. Many students start up new businesses successfully. This school teaches how to start and regulate a business. It also guides in producing a business report before starting a new business.

15. City University

City University is located in the heart of Kuala Lumpur city in Malaysia. It has served since 1984, so it is one of the oldest private universities in Malaysia. City University is accredited by the Malaysian Qualifications Agency. The Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China has recognized city universities. City University maintains a 4-star (Excellent Rating) under the SETARA 2017. It provides a conditional offer letter, so students do not need to pay before admission.

City University Tuition Fees 2026

City University is the best private university in Malaysia for graphic design & multimedia, culinary art, fashion design, interior design, etc. It also offers diplomas in nursing, medical lab technology, and occupational safety & health programs. Besides MMU, City is another cheapest private universities in Malaysia for international students.

16. Nilai University

Private University is a private university in Malaysia established in 1997. It is also a remarkable university for offering a diploma in the aircraft maintenance engineering program. It offers numerous programs, including foundation, diploma, bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. The campus location is Putra Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan.

17. UNIRAZAK University

UNIRAZAK is a leading private university in Malaysia, established in 1997. The main is located at the heart of Kuala Lumpur city. It is around five kilometers away from the KLCC Petronas Towers. Unirazak is a particular university that offers a distance learning program.

The official website address is https://www.unirazak.edu.my

18. UNITAR International University (UNITAR)

UNITAR is a leading private university in Malaysia and the first Virtual University in Southeast Asia. It was established in 1997. It obtains the QS 5-Star Ranking. UNITAR contains around 12000 students (Local and International).

19. AIMST University

The full form of AIMST is the Asian Institute of Medicine, Science, and Technology. This University was established on 15 March 2001. The main campus is situated in Kedah, Malaysia. It is another special university that offers medical science-related programs, including MBBS, BDS, BDT, pharmacy, Nursing Science, and more.

20. Limkokwing University

Limkokwing University has more than 1o campuses globally. The Malaysian campus was established in 1991. It is a creative technology university with over 25000 students from 100 countries.

Foreign Private University Campuses in Malaysia

However, Malaysia holds ten foreign private university campuses, including Curtin University, Monash University, Selangor Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Putrajaya Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, University of Southampton – Malaysia Campus, Selangor Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak The University of Nottingham Malaysia, University of Reading Malaysia, Johor Xiamen University Malaysia Campus, Selangor Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and University College Dublin Malaysia Campus, Penang. These are the international university branch campuses in Malaysia, not Malaysian private universities.

Ten Career Opportunities For Students Who Study in Malaysia

1. International Business: Graduates can use their cross-cultural communication and international market knowledge to pursue careers in global companies.

2. Foreign Service Officer: Students can represent their home country’s interests abroad by working for their nation’s diplomatic service.

3. Language Translation/Interpretation: Those proficient in a foreign language can facilitate communication across borders by working as translators or interpreters.

4. Nonprofit/NGO Work: Students can contribute to international development and humanitarian efforts by leveraging their understanding of diverse cultures.

5. International Education: Graduates can promote cross-cultural exchange and facilitate study abroad experiences for others by working in education abroad programs.

6. Diplomacy and International Relations: Graduates can influence global policies and relations by working in government agencies, think tanks, and international organizations.

7. Tourism and Hospitality: Students can cater to an international clientele and utilize their cultural awareness by pursuing careers in the travel industry.

8. International Law: Graduates can work in law firms specializing in cross-border legal matters or with international courts and organizations.

9. Global Health: Opportunities exist in international healthcare organizations, addressing global health challenges and promoting healthcare equity.

10. Cross-Cultural Training and Consulting: Graduates can improve international collaboration by working with businesses or organizations to bridge cultural gaps.

Technology Adoption Theories and Models Examples

Technology Adoption Theories and Models. Explain Models for Technology Adoption. Also, Examples of Technology Adoption Theories and Models.

Technology Adoption Models

The technology adoption models refer to the theories and frameworks that explain why people accept and utilize modern technology. It also describes how people adopt modern technology and use it in communication, business, health, education, and other sectors. Technology adoption means accepting and utilizing modern technology confidently. Researchers have introduced several technology adoption models in the recent decade to describe the reasons for technology adoption. They also mention the significant factors of these models that stimulate people to accept modern technology.

On the other hand, academicians consider a few factors that drive users to reject modern technology. The adoption of technology models plays a critical role in further improving technology. The importance of technology adoption has increased in social, political, educational, and business contexts. Therefore, nobody can deny the usefulness of modern technology and its application in personal life.

The Importance of Technology Adoption Models

Technology adoption models answer the most common question, “why do people use the new technology?”. In addition, the researchers and practitioners present factors that influence people to accept new technology. Technology has become an inevitable part of daily life. Nowadays, students conduct virtual classes through online platforms such as Google Meet, Zoom Meeting, Microsoft Teams, and Skype. Additionally, many organizations set corporate meetings via these web conferencing applications. The adoption models for technology are developed to propose the reasons for and consequences of the technology. Technology adoption theories are related to information and communication models.

Technology Adoption Models and Theories

The Models of Technology Adoption are:

Technology Acceptance Model(TAM)-1986
Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM 2) (ETAM)- 2002
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)- 2003
Technology Acceptance Model-3 (TAM 3)-2008
Extending Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2, 2012)
Motivational Model (MM)-1992
Motivational Model of Microcomputer Usage-1996
Uses and Gratification Theory (U&G)-1974
Diffusion of Innovation Theory- 1962
Perceived Characteristics of Innovating Theory (PCIT)
The Model of PC Utilization (MPCU)-1991

These are examples of technology adoption models and theories.

1. Technology Acceptance Model(TAM)-1986

Fred D. Davis introduced the technology acceptance model(TAM) in 1986 in his Ph.D. thesis paper titled “A TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL FOR EMPIRICALLY TESTING NEW END-USER INFORMATION SYSTEMS: THEORY AND RESULTS.” In 1986, Fred D. Davis initially included three elements: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and attitude toward using the system. The technology acceptance model outlines three factors: perceived usefulness, ease of use, and attitude toward using the system. It also represents the design feature with X1, X2, and X3.

Original Technology Acceptance Framework

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1989)

Fred D. Davis published the technology acceptance model “Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology ” in the Management Information Systems Research Center, the University of Minnesota, 1989. So, the model is familiar as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1989).

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis et al., 1989)

However, in 1989, Fred D. Davis, Richard P. Bagozzi, and Paul R. Warshaw presented the technology acceptance model in the research paper “User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models,” published by the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) located in Maryland, USA.

Fred D. Davis is a University of Michigan School of Business Administration professor. His research interests include user acceptance of technology, technology support to make decisions, and motivational factors of computer acceptance. The TAM model was certainly derived from the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), which describes the factors that stimulate people to change human behavior. It has also been designated as the most cited model in the field of information and communication technology(ICT). The technology acceptance model(TAM) is undoubtedly one of the most significant technology adoption models.

Final Version of Technology Acceptance Model

The Final Version of the Technology Acceptance Model was developed by Venkatesh and Davis in 1996. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) explains the user’s intention to accept technology by three variables: perceived usefulness, ease of use, and attitude toward use. The additional factors of the TAM are user education, system features, user participation in the design, and the nature of the execution method. However, it excludes the social influence factor on the acceptance of modern technology. So, the researchers and practitioners term it as the limitation of the model for being implemented beyond the workplace.

However, in 1996, Viswanath Venkatesh and Fred D. Davis included an additional variable, “External Variables”, to the previous model and outlined the final version of the Technology Acceptance Model.

“The TAM, TAM2, ETAM, TAM3, and UTAUT have been used over the years by various researchers to explain the adoption of technology systems”.

2. Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM 2) (2000)

Venkatesh and Davis added new factors to the Technology Acceptance Model and established the Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM 2) in 2000. The extended technology acceptance model is also known as the TAM2 and ETAM. ETAM described two groups of constructs, for example, social influence processes and cognitive instrumental determinants.

The three social influence determinants are subjective norm, voluntariness, and image. Additionally, the four cognitive instrumental processes of perceived usefulness are Job relevance, Output quality, Result demonstrability, and perceived ease of use. Both social influence and cognitive instrumental determinants stimulate users to accept and use the system.

3. Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) (2003)

The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology refers to the UTAUT model introduced in 2003. Viswanath Venkatesh, Michael Morris, Gordon Davis, and Fred Davis established the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) in 2003, under the title of “User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View”.

The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was developed from eight renowned technology acceptance modes. “The eight models are the theory of reasoned action (TRA), the technology acceptance model (TAM), the motivational model (MM), the theory of planned behavior (TPB), a model combining the technology acceptance model and the theory of planned behavior, the model of PC utilization (MPCU), the innovation diffusion theory, and the social cognitive theory (SCT).”

Firstly, the authors analyze the eight models and review the literature on user acceptance. Secondly, they investigate and compare those models’ extensions. Additionally, they developed a unified model based on the eight models’ components. Finally, the unified model was tested empirically and validated using data in a longitudinal approach. The UTAUT model has become the most significant framework for understanding determinants affecting acceptance and usage of a new system.

Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)

The four prime constructs of UTAUT are 1) Performance Expectancy, 2) Effort Expectancy, 3) Social Influence, and 4) Facilitating Conditions.

The first three constructs (Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, and Social Influence) determine user intention and behavior. However, the fourth element (Facilitating Conditions) directly determines user behavior. Besides, the four moderate variables are Gender, age, experience, and voluntariness.

4. Technology Acceptance Model 3 (2008)

The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM3) was introduced by Venkatesh and Bala in 2008. TAM-3 provides valuable rational explanations of how and why individuals decide on the adoption and use of ITs, particularly the work on the determinants of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use.

5. Extending Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) (2012)

Venkatesh, Thong, and Xu established the Extending Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) in 2012. They added three additional variables, including hedonic motivation, price value, and
habit, to the UTAUT to explain customer technology adoption. The Extending Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology contains age, gender, and experience to moderate variables; however, it excludes the variable of voluntariness.

Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM 2) By Venkatesh

6. Motivation Model (MM) (1992)

Davis, Bagozzi, and Warshaw introduced the motivational model (MM) in 1992. The Motivational Model describes the external and natural stimulants that influence users’ behaviors. According to the Motivation Model, the two crucial elements of motivation are extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Firstly, extrinsic motivation includes perceived usefulness, ease of use, and subjective norm. It is the acknowledgment that stimulates the users to act. On the other hand, intrinsic motivation includes the magnitude of enjoyment derived from recreating with a computer.

7. Motivational Model of Microcomputer Usage (1996)

The Motivational Model of Microcomputer Usage was introduced by Magid Igbaria, Saroj Parasuraman, and Jack J. Baroudi in 1996. It is also known as Igbaria’s model.

A Motivational Model of Microcomputer Usage

According to the Motivational Model of Microcomputer Usage, intrinsic and extrinsic motivators influence people’s acceptance or rejection of new technologies. This model describes perceived fun as the intrinsic motivator; however, perceived usefulness is the extrinsic motivator that influences people’s behavior toward to use of computers.

8. Uses and Gratifications Theory (1974)

Katz, Blumler, and Gurevitch established the uses and gratifications theory in 1974. It explains why people utilize specific kinds of communication media. It is an active audience theory that describes the gratification of the people using these media compared to others. The U & G theory explains why people utilize certain media and what benefits they get from it. The U&G theory includes three constructs: motivations, behavioral usage, and gratifications/ satisfaction.

9. Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI) (1962)

Diffusion of Innovations Theory explains why people accept or reject new ideas and technology. It also describes how the use of technology spreads among people quickly. In 1962, Everett M. Rogers published the diffusion of innovation theory in his book Diffusion of Innovations. Therefore, it is known as Rogers’ theory of technology adoption.

Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI) By Rogers (1962)

The five elements of the diffusion of innovation theory are Innovators, Early Adopters, Early Majority, Late Majority, and Laggards.

10. Perceived Characteristics of Innovating Theory (PCIT) (1991)

Moore and Benbasat introduced the perceived characteristics and innovation theory in 1991. Perceived Characteristics of Innovating Theory is certainly developed from Rogers’s perceived Attributes Innovation (PAI) theory. Perceived Characteristics of Innovating Theory added two additional factors: Image and voluntariness. It also separates the constructs of observability into Visibility and Results Demonstrability. Additionally, PCI renamed Rogers’ complexity to ease of use and kept other characteristics the same as before.

11. Model of PC Utilization (MPCU)-(1991)

Thompson, Higgins, and Howell established the PC Utilization (MPCU) model in 1991. They extended Triandis’ model to explain PC utilization attitudes. The Model of PC utilization describes six elements of personal computer utilization, such as job fit, complexity, long-term consequences, effect towards use, social factors, facilitating conditions, and experience to predict PC utilization behavior. However, it differs from the Theory of Reasoned Action as it differentiates between cognitive and affective elements of attitudes.