Category: Communication Types

Communication means sharing knowledge and exchanging information verbally and non-verbally. It is a natural way of imparting information by speaking, writing, or using other channels or media.

Definition of Communication:

Firstly, Communication is the sharing of meaning in human life.
Secondly, Effective communication is a successful communication satisfaction on both sides of the communicator.
Thirdly, Effective communication must be ethical and centered on the truth.

It is the act of exchanging information between two individuals. It happens intentionally or unintentionally. The way of communication is divided into one way of communication or linear and two-way communication or transitional.

Communication Perspective:

Communication as an action (action): one-way, as interaction (interaction): two-way, a transaction (transaction): two-way.

Components in Human Communication Process:

Sources: converts the message into a code Receiver: decoded the messages Message: giving meaning Channel: the path to send the message Barriers (Noise): message interruption Encode: translating ideas, feelings, and thoughts to code Decode: translating ideas, feelings, and thoughts that have made to code Context: communication environment both physically and psychologically Responses: response to a message

Types of Research Design- 10 Different Types of Research Design

Types of Research Design- Different Types of Research Design & 10 Types of Research Design in Research.

Types of Research Design

Nobody can deny the importance of sophisticated research. Research is the process of discovering new knowledge and ideas. Recently, the researcher has become more advanced by skilled and trained. At present, researchers conduct the mixed method of research by applying both non-experimental and experimental designs. Usually, there are two types of research design such as experimental and nonexperimental research. Experimental research is divided into many designs, including Descriptive, Historical, Correlation, qualitative, et cetera. On the other hand, experimental research is divided into two methods: true experimental and Quasi-experimental research methods.

Difference Between Nonexperimental and Experimental Research

Nonexperimental Research	Experimental Research
Firstly, Nonexperimental research determines the natural relationship between variables.	In contrast, experimental research investigates the cause-and-effect relationship between variables.
Additionally, the researcher does not control the setting of the study.	On the other hand, researchers control the setting of the study.
In this research design, researchers do not introduce external variables.	In this research design, researchers introduce external variables.
Researchers do not manipulate the independent variable.	Nonetheless, the researcher manipulates the independent variable methodically.
For example, Investigating the perception of the children in the COVID-19 pandemic.	For example, Testing the effect of the COVID-19 vaccine among children.
Usually, Nonexperimental research is both quantitative and qualitative.	On the other hand, experimental research is quantitative.
Nonexperimental research is intended to explain the subject's characteristics, including the current situation, comparative position, and prediction.	However, experimental research is used to solve problems, create advanced innovation, and progress in medical science.

Types of Research Design

1. Nonexperimental Research

Nonexperimental research explains the researcher's observation describing the natural condition of the study phenomenon. The nonexperimental research determines the normal relationship between variables but is not intended to identify the cause-and-effect relationship between variables. It only describes relationships between variables without testing causal relationships among them. This research is not involved in the manipulation of the independent variable. Therefore, it does not introduce any external variable, and variables are not manipulated. Researchers do not control the setting of the research.

For example, a researcher wants to investigate the relationship between the awareness of fake news sharing and the brand trust of Facebook among youth. Here, the researcher wants to determine the relationship between awareness of fake news sharing and Brand trust of Facebook. It does not indicate the causal relationship between variables.

Different Types of Research Design

The 10 Types of Research Design are:

Quantitative Research Design
Descriptive Research Design
Correlational Research Design
Historical Research Design
Qualitative Research
Case Study Research Design
Mixed Methods Research Design
Review Research Design
Developmental Research
Experimental Research Design

Descriptive Research Design

The descriptive research method describes the characteristics and features of existing phenomena at the time of research. It also provides a broad picture of the phenomena to convey a better understanding through the study. The time frame of the study is present. Descriptive research is the foundation of all other types of research. It does not involve control variables or treatments. However, the correlation between variables is characterized. There are many types of descriptive research, for example, Survey research, Correlation research, Developmental research (Longitudinal approach & Cross-section approach), Normative research, Naturalistic observational research, Comparative research, Data analysis research, Action research, etc.

For example, a researcher wants to survey students' practice of social media-based citizen journalism. Based on the topic, the researcher should apply the descriptive research method to explain the feature of social media-based citizen journalism among students. Another example of the descriptive research design is " the perception of Malaysia people on the use of social media to spread fake political news."

Survey Research Design

Survey research examines the relationships and frequency between sociological and psychological variables. It assesses psychological factors such as beliefs, values, attitudes, prejudices, discriminations, opinions, and preferences.

Examples of the survey research are evaluating the following:

Student's attitudes toward the use of smartphones in the classroom.
Teacher's opinion in conducting online classes
The perception of teenagers in the advantage of social media platforms

How to Conduct Survey Research

Any survey research begins with a general (flow) plan that shows the entire process of survey research.

Clarify the purpose of the study
Defining the sample plan
Define a method also part of the interviewing session

Defining method stage of survey research will determine the answer to the following questions

How will the questions be structured?
What types of questions will be asked?
How will the sample be defined?
How will the data be collected?

4. Finally, Coding and scoring

Tools of the Survey Research- Interview

The interview is the primary tool of the survey research design. However, a Face sheet is an essential element to conducting an interview session properly. Face sheet information represents neutral information about the study respondent, such as age, gender, living place, educational level, income, etc.

Pros of the Face sheet—Neutral background information

First, it helps establish rapport with the respondents or interviewees. For example, where did you study? How many siblings do you have?
Secondly, it establishes data frames or characteristics.

Two Types of Questions For Interviewees.

Structured questions in which respondents can give explicit answers.
On the other hand, open-ended questions permit the interviewee to give elaborative answers.

Advantages of the Interview

Flexibility in collecting data
The interviewer can set the tone and agenda

Disadvantages of the Interview

Expensive
Lack of anonymity, so responses might not be honest
Lack standardized questions

Process of developing an Interview

Firstly, describe the goals of the project.
Secondly, select an appropriate sample.
thirdly, develop interview questions.
Fourthly, train interviewers.
Finally, Conduct interviews.

The Ten Essential Commandments of Interviewing

Do not begin the interview cold.
Remember that you are there to get information.
Be direct.
Dress appropriately.
Find a quiet place to conduct the interview.
Don't give up if your interviewee doesn’t give a satisfactory answer the first time.
Use a tape recorder.
Make the interviewee a part of the interview.
To be a good interviewer, practice more.
Thank interviewees for their help, and ask for questions.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Research

Advantages of Survey Research design

Permits researcher to get a broad picture (good generalization)
Efficient data collection
Can yield very accurate results

Disadvantages of Survey Research design

Bias (Interviewer bias and Interviewee bias)
Non-response

Correlational Research Design

Correlation research design describes the relationship between two variables. It identifies the associated factors of the phenomenon that are co-related to one another. It also discovers how connected these factors are to each other and the strength of the relationship between variables. A numerical index measures the strength of the relationship called the correlation coefficient. The time frame of this research might be present or past, and future. Actually, it shows the past or present relationship between variables and offers predictions for the future. It implies that variables share something in common.

For example, a researcher wants to identify the relationship between social media addiction among students and their results in the final exam. Based on the topic, the researcher should use a Correlation research design to identify the relationship between social media addiction among students and their results in the final exam. Another example of the correlation research design is "Influence of Teenager's Awareness of Fake News Spreading and Perceived Message Trustworthiness towards The Brand Trust of Twitter."

Correlation Coefficient

The correlation coefficient measures the degree of linear relatedness between two variables. There are two types of correlation, for example, positive correlation and negative correlation. The positive correlation is good, yet the negative correlation is not bad. basically, both positive and negative correlation indicates the direction of the relationship; nothing else. The absolute value of the coefficient indicates the strength of the relationship. Variance increased when a stronger relationship between variables existed. Varies between –1.00 and +1.00.

Historical Research

Historical research investigates the past event and establishes the present concept of the event. It also describes the past fact of the event that affects the current situation. The objective of the historical research method is to collect and evidence from the past event to develop a fact that defends or refutes the hypothesis. Historical research is another term of historiography.

For example, researchers desire to identify the historical progress of women's education in Malaysia. So, the historical research design will be the option to conduct the research.

Qualitative Research

Qualitative research design examines human behavior in the social, political, and cultural context in which it occurs. The qualitative research method is part of nonexperimental research; therefore, it never tests the cause and effect relationship between variables. The researcher applies different paradigms and tools to conduct qualitative research. The most important tools of qualitative research are interviews, ethnography, case studies, and ethnography. It provides nonnumerical qualitative data that is also known as primary data. In qualitative research, the researchers focus on the content of informants rather than the frequency of particular content. Here, the informant is the interviewees or people who the researcher has interviewed. The time frame is present and past.

For example, a researcher desires to identify the effectiveness of the government policy to educate all girl-children. So, they will implement the qualitative research method to identify the effectiveness of the government policy to educate all girl-children in the country.

Experimental Research

Tries to discover causal relationships
Two types:

True experimental research
Quasi-experimental research

True experimental Research

For example, Comparing two different techniques

Quasi-Experimental Research

For example, Participants are preassigned to groups
Useful when the researcher cannot manipulate variables.

When to use what research design

Research design cheat sheet

The research design cheat sheet attached below will

Basis Research Design and Applied Research Design

Basic research has no instant execution to the world. Usually, researchers apply these basic types of research design to expand the knowledge of certain phenomena. Pure research is another name of basic research. For example, a study looking at how the online class during the COVID-19 pandemic increases depression among students. Researchers are intended to expand knowledge by this study or research; it has no instant application to society.

Applied research has immediate execution or application to the world. Researchers use this research to solve the problem. Therefore, it has an immediate practical use to resolve the problem or answer the question. For example, the research to invent the COVID-19 vaccine is an instance of applied research; because it has immediate application to the world.

Lewin's Change Model Real-Life Example For Unfreeze Change Refreeze

Lewin's Change Model Real-Life Example is Netflix. The Example of Three Stages of Kurt Lewin's Change Management.

Lewin's Change Model

Lewin's change model refers to the three stages of management change theory. The three stages of Lewin's change management model are unfreezing, changing, and refreezing. Therefore, the alternative name of the Lewin change management model is the unfreeze change refreeze theory. Lewin's change model is one of the primary and familiar change management models that describe the organizational transition.

Who and When Established Lewin's Change Management Model?

Kurt Lewin established the three stages of the organizational change model in 1947.

In 1947, Kurt Lewin introduced the three stages of the change management model known as Kurt Lewin's change model. After that, researchers and scientists established many models to describe organizational changes, such as Kotter's Change Management Model, Kübler-Ross Five Stage Change Management, ADKAR Change Management Model, McKinsey 7-S Change Management Model, and also Lewin's Change Model or Theory. However, Lewin's change management model has become the most popular for its simplicity and fewer phases, for example, unfreeze, change, and refreeze.

Researchers have developed multiple theories based on Lewin's change management model. So, it is the foundation of all modern change management theories. For example, John Kotter's 8-stage management change model was developed based on Lewin's change management model. The management system is complex compared to before when the model was introduced. Therefore, Lewin's change management model is controversial in modern organizations. It has excellent theoretical significance in the research arena rather than practical importance.

Lewin's Change Model Real-Life Example

Many reputed companies apply Lewin's change management model to survive in the current situation. For example, Netflix has used a change model to adjust to the digital era. Netflix's organizational change process handled the force of organizational change to achieve a competitive advantage. Netflix transformed its business strategy in 1998, 1998, and 2007. The management encountered multiple barriers to getting outcomes. Now, they are one of the most successful companies globally. Netflix is a real-life example of Lewin's change management model. It is known as Lewin's Change Model Business Example.

Lewin's Change Model Stages

Three Stages of Change Management are:

Unfreeze stage
Change stage
Refreeze stage

Lewin's Change Model Real Life Examples- Three Stages of Change Management — Lewin's Change Management Model - Three Stages of Change Management

Unfreeze Change Refreeze

1. Unfreezing Stage of Change

Unfreezing is the initial stage of Lewin's change management model or Lewin's change management model. In this stage, employees prepare mentally to accept the change in the organization. In the management system, the unfreeze stage refers to breaking down the existing circumstances to accept organizational changes. Usually, employees feel comfortable in the organization's current condition; therefore, some do not accept the management change quickly due to uncertainty. The unfreezing stage consists of educating people about opportunities for organizational change. The organization should practice the change management communication strategy to prepare employees for the change.

The key point of this stage is to compel employees to accept management change through effective change communication. Maintaining effective interaction within the management is essential to persuade employees to accept change. Employees will receive the change if they understand the new things cannot prevent the company or organization from surviving. Additionally, they must realize that change is essential to sustain the organization and achieve competitive advantages.

A high level of positive motivation among employees helps to understand the reasons for organizational change and development. Next, the organization needs to persuade the stakeholders that the change will bring benefits to everyone. Some people will receive it quickly, but some of them will deny it initially. Finally, everyone will come up with the motivation to make the change.

Communication During the Unfreeze Stage

The primary communication objective is to prepare stakeholders, employees, and the organization to accept the change – “Readying” the organization. However, resistance will increase simultaneously with how huge the change is and how much it affects the organization. Effective communication can overcome resistance. To ‘ready’ the organization to accept the change, it is essential to declare the objective of the change. Additionally, you must ensure that everyone in the organization knows what will happen and why. Effective communication is significant in pointing out the difference between actual and desired outcomes. This first message or declaration should come from the top-level management of the organization to avoid communication conflict.

2. Change (Move) Stage

Change is the second stage of Lewin's change management model. It is the middle stage of the three phases of change management. Actual changes occur when everyone in the organization decides to accept the change with positive motivation. Employees receive and adjust to the new working atmosphere. Changes can be major or minor based on the organization's needs. The organization must provide sufficient training and support for the employees to embrace the changes. It is the stage of implementing the change process; therefore, many issues must be addressed consciously. Some employees may spread misleading information due to having insufficient knowledge about organizational change. So, the organization needs to practice an effective communication process to avoid unwanted issues. However, employees will be focused on practicing the new work.

Communication During the Change Stage

The organization should ensure effective communication among employees to reduce uncertainty as well as organizational communication noise. People may indulge in spreading disinformation and lies with less information about the change process. Therefore, the communication has to have a more specific character than in the previous phase. Communication in this stage is essential to provide authentic, accurate, and detailed information on what will happen to those who have less sketchy details on implementing changes. Finally, it distributes the new responsibility among assigned people in the organization.

3. Refreezing Stage of Change

Refreezing stage of change is the third and final stage of the Kurt Lewin change management model. In this stage, employees adjust to the change of management daily. Refreezing is a slow process of adopting the new culture and atmosphere of the corporate workplace. Employees and stakeholders may take a long time to adjust to the new systems. The pace of the practice among employees determines the time of the refreezing stage. So, refreezing is the most crucial stage in the Lewin change management model. The new attitude and behavior of employees become solidified as the norm of the organization. Finally, everyone starts to feel comfortable as in the previous stage before unfreezing.

Communication During the Refreeze Stage

The communication process should answer employees’ queries regarding rewards, control, efficiency, and relationship roles. In this stage, the information flow should be concrete, continuous, and multidirectional so that employees have a sufficient understanding of the personal associations of the change. Unavoidable misunderstandings may occur in this phase, so; communication should focus on making the transition successful.

Lewin's Change Model Example

For example, An ice block cannot get converted into a new shape without melting it. So it would be best if you created a hot environment to melt the ice block. The temperature must be more than 32°F (0°C) temperature to melt the ice. So, here, increasing the temperature denotes the unfreezing stage.

According to Lewin's theory, unfreezing refers to preparation for accepting the new workplace norms. It is the initial stage to get ready to accept the change. The management needs to motivate employees to accept change.

It will take time to transform the entire ice block into water. Keep the glass isolated and ensure the temperature is suitable for melting ice. When the ice block completely transforms into water, pour it into a new pot to give it a unique shape. Here, pouring the water into a glass is changing steps or moving stage. Melting the ice denotes the change stage of Lewin's theory.

According to Lewin's theory, changing refers to accepting new norms and moving on to change. Thus, the employee starts to change and accept the new culture of the workplace.

Finally, keep the glass in a cold place to transform the water into ice again. It is the way of freezing the water to transform it again into a new solid shape. It is called the refreezing process and the final stage of Lewin's change management model.

Refreezing refers to adjusting to the new norms of the workplace. The employee has already accepted the change, and they adapt to the new environment.

The model summarized that successful management change is accomplished through a three-stage process; unfreezing, changing, and refreezing.

Lewin's Change Management Model Example

For example, the educational institute has shut down due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, all organizations, including educational institutes, decided to conduct virtual or online classes to ensure the continuation of education for students. These educational institutes are applying online video meeting platforms, such as Zoom and Google Meet, to conduct virtual classes and organizational meetings. It was a new experience for lecturers; therefore, they were afraid of uncertainty and interested in taking online courses. But, the university authority compels them to accept the change. The university authority maintains effective communication through social media platforms to motivate employees to get change. They thought the organizational change would help achieve competitive advantages as the other educational institutes adopted it. So, finally, they accept the change and adjust to the new working environment. It is a perfect example of Lewin's Change Theory.

Lewin's Change Model Pros and Cons

Lewin's Change Management Model Strengths and weaknesses

Lewin Model Advantages

Firstly, Kurt Lewin's model is straightforward to understand; any organization can implement it efficiently. The management need not hire experts to execute the model. The existing employees will be able to apply it and evaluate the outcome. It has only three stages: unfreeze, change, and refreeze, so it is easy to understand and apply. For example, the McKinsey 7-S model has seven elements that are challenging to implement.

Lewin Model Disadvantages

Firstly, refreezing takes a long time to settle down with new norms. Additionally, many employees quit their job due to uncertainty regarding the latest norms and environment. Lewin's theory excludes many crucial elements, such as staff, structure, strategy, system, and style.

Kurt Lewin 1951 References

Lewin, K. (1951). Forces of change: Field theory in social science.

Citation for this Article (APA 7th Edition)

Kobiruzzaman, M. M. (2024). Lewin's Change Model- Lewin's Change Management Model of 3 Stage. Educational Website For Online Learning. https://newsmoor.com/lewins-change-model-3-steps-management-change-and-communication/