Communication Elements- The 9 Elements of the Communication process are Context, Sender, Encoder, Messages, Channel, Decoder, Receiver, Feedback, and Noise. Additionally, Examples of the 9 Components of Communication.

Communication Elements

Communication elements are essential components and stages connected with transmitting messages from senders to receivers. They are also known as the elements of an effective communication process. Communication elements initiate and regulate the information-sharing cycle between the sender and receiver. Therefore, communication elements are essential and interconnected parts of the communication process.

Based on linear, interactive, and transactional models, the nine elements of communication are Context, Sender, Encoder, Message, Channel, Decoder, Receiver, Feedback, and Noise. These are essential tools and mechanisms, except for noise, for conveying messages between sender and receiver. Communication elements are also known as the components of an effective communication process.

Communication Process

The communication process refers to the exchange of information, whether verbal or nonverbal, between the sender and receiver. Verbal communication means communication among people through spoken words. Nonverbal communication refers to interaction among humans through nonverbal cues such as tone of voice, facial expression, movement, body language, eye contact- nonverbal communication, and so more. Communication means conveying a message via written text, speech, signals, visuals, or behavior. It is also a process of exchanging opinions and imparting knowledge between the speaker and the audience through communication elements.

9 Elements of Communication

The 9 Elements of Communication are;

Context
Sender
Encoder
Message
Channel
Decoder
Receiver
Feedback
Noise

Communication Elements- 9 Elements of Communication. Elements of the communication process with examples. Components of communication. — Nine Elements of the Communication Process With Examples

1. Context in Communication

Context refers to the environment in which communication occurs. Communication context is the circumstances and prime element of every communication process that governs communication among senders and receivers. The five most common communication contexts are intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public, and mass communication. Additionally, this context may be physical, historical, psychological, social, chronological, or cultural. For example, you may feel comfortable sharing your personal information with close friends rather than colleagues, and you will not speak to an unknown person as you talk to your wife. So, the context of communication sets the environment of the communication process.

Types of Communication Context

Based on the number of audiences, the five types of communication contexts are intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public, and mass communication.

Based on the types of communication, there are two contexts: verbal and nonverbal.

Based on situational factors, communication contexts include physical, online, organizational, cultural, temporal, and socio-psychological.

Example of Context in Communication

Social Context in Communication

For example, Elly talks to her husband informally and feels very comfortable doing so. Therefore, the social context is derived from this communication process and is also an interpersonal context, as they communicate face-to-face.

Online Context in Communication

The top management employees conduct a virtual meeting to motivate sales employees. The CEO delivers an inspirational speech to encourage others and asks them to provide sales reports. All members offer their opinions and recommendations to enhance sales growth. This conversation happens in an online context.

2. Sender in Communication

A sender is a person who sends a message to the receiver. The sender, also known as the message encoder, is responsible for encoding the message. The sender initiates the communication process by sending a message or information. Therefore, the sender is a significant element of the communication process. A sender creates and uses symbols (words, graphics, or visual aids) to convey the message and elicit the desired response. Therefore, a sender is a speaker, writer, or person who provides the information to share opinions, ideas, and messages.

Example of Sender in Communication

For example, Elly is the sender and encoder who sends messages to communicate with her husband, and the sender is the person who sends the message to share with others. So, Elly is the sender and an element of the communication process.

3. Encoding in Communication

Encoding is the process of transforming abstract ideas and opinions into symbols such as words, pictures, signs, and marks. A symbol might represent or indicate opinions, statements, and actions. In contrast, decoding is the process of transforming the symbol into an idea or thought. Encoding is the process of transforming the subject into symbols. The encoding process is related to the sender and receiver.

The message of any communication is always abstract and intangible. Transmission of the message requires the use of certain symbols.

Example of Encoding in Communication

For example, Elly has translated his thoughts into words to convey the message to his husband, a process called encoding. Here, converting ideas into words is the process of encoding. Words serve as the symbols of spoken communication. She called her husband and said a few words to share an opinion and send a message.

4. Message in Communication

The message refers to the information, ideas, feelings, opinions, thoughts, attitudes, and views the sender wants to deliver to the receiver. The message seems like a vital element of any communication process. Any communication conveys a message or shares ideas, opinions, thoughts, and information. Invariably, the sender wants to convey a message to the receiver. So, senders need to ensure the message’s main objective is clear and understandable.

Messages may be conveyed through verbal and nonverbal cues. Verbal cues are the spoken language of the speaker, for instance, spoken words.

On the other hand, the most common types of nonverbal communication include facial expressions, eye contact, physical appearance, posture, and gestures.

Example of a Message in Communication

For example, Elly was speaking to convey a message, indicating that it was verbal communication. She also showed her angry face to her son to reduce the TV volume, an example of nonverbal communication. In this regard, spoken words and facial expressions are examples of communication messages. The most common forms of communication are spoken words, written words, facial expressions, eye contact, phone calls, video, email, and text messages. Facial expression, eye contact, and body language are nonverbal communication channels that convey messages.

5. Channel in Communication

A channel is the means of transmitting a message from one person or place to others. It is also known as a medium of communication that conveys the message from the sender to the receiver. Communicators use different channels to communicate in distinct contexts. In face-to-face communication, the sender’s senses— such as hearing, seeing, smelling, touching, and tasting—are the channels for conveying information. It is also a crucial element of the communication process.

On the other hand, organizations use Television, Newspapers, and radio to disseminate information. People use computers and mobile phones to communicate with people who live far away. Many people use virtual meeting platforms to conduct group discussions. Sometimes people choose a written medium, such as a letter, to convey a message, while others prefer an oral medium when spontaneous feedback from the recipient is required.

In 2024, most people use social media sites such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Google Meet to communicate with others. Social media communication channels seem convenient ways to send and receive messages. However, people experience both the advantages and disadvantages of social media communication.

Example of a Channel in Communication

For example, Elly has transmitted the message through a smartphone, so the smartphone is the channel of the communication process. She uses technology to convey messages, a form of mediated communication. The most common communication channels are TV, Radio, Newspapers, Social media, and the five human senses. For instance, Global Assistant is a renowned education consultant in Asia, and it communicates with potential customers through its official websites and social media platforms. So, websites and social media sites are channels of communication.

6. Decoding in Communication

Decoding is “the process of translating an encoded symbol into ordinary, understandable language, in contrast to the encoder. In this process, the receiver converts the symbols received from the sender into thoughts. Decoding is the opposite of encoding, revealing the message’s meaning.

Example of Decoding in Communication

For example, Elly has transformed his thoughts into words to convey the message to her husband, a process called encoding. At the same time, her husband converts those words into thoughts to understand the message, a process called decoding.

7. Receiver in Communication

Unlike the sender, a receiver is the person to whom the message is directed. Therefore, the receiver is the audience in the communication process, decoding the message to perceive its meaning. The sender indeed sends a message aimed at the receiver. Receivers can be a single person, a group, or an entire population. The degree to which the decoder understands the message depends on various factors, such as the recipient’s knowledge, responsiveness, and the encoder’s reliance on the decoder.

Example of a Receiver in Communication

For example, Elly sent a message targeting her husband, with whom she wanted to communicate. Hence, her husband is the receiver in this context of communication.

8. Feedback in Communication

Feedback in communication refers to the response of the receiver or audience. It is one of the main elements of the effective communication process that differentiates the communication models into linear and transactional. Linear communication models explain one-way communication without feedback. Feedback is an inevitable component of the transactional model. Feedback may be verbal (through words) or nonverbal (through smiles, sighs, etc.). It may take written form, including memos, reports, etc. Feedback is also an essential element of the transactional communication process.

Feedback differentiates the linear and transitional models of communication. Linear means one-way communication, and transactional denotes two-way communication. The communication model is linear if there is no feedback in the communication process, for example, Aristotle’s Model of Communication, Shannon and Weaver’s Model of Communication, Lasswell’s Communication Model, and Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication.

On the other hand, the communication model will be identified as an interactive and transitional model if feedback is presented, for example, in the Osgood-Schramm Model of Communication, the Westley and Maclean Model of Communication, Eugene White’s Model of Communication, and the Helical Model of Communication.

Example of Feedback in Communication

For example, Elly’s husband asked about the due date for the electricity bill. Additionally, feedback is evident when students respond to the lecturer’s questions.

9. Noise in Communication

Noise refers to the communication barrier or obstacles to effective communication. It is also known as communication noise or a communication barrier. Noise is an unwanted element of communication that communicators always want to avoid during the interaction.

It is the barrier that obstructs the effectiveness of the communication process. Noise exists in all kinds of communication, such as face-to-face, group, and mediated communication. Communication will be more effective and interactive if there is no noise. Noises are unnecessary elements of communication that distract receivers from receiving the message.

Example of Noise in Communication

For example, Elly’s son watches a cartoon video on Television with the volume on high when talking to her husband. The sound of the cartoon video bars Elly from listening to her husband’s speech, so it is an example of a communication barrier, communication noise, or communication distraction.

Types of Communication Noises

The seven types of noise in communication are physical, physiological, psychological, semantic, and cultural.

The 9 Elements of Communication with Examples

Examples of 9 Communication Elements

Elly wants to pay the electricity bill. She thinks that her husband (Jack) can pay for it now; therefore, Elly requests her husband to deposit $100 for the electricity bill while talking to her husband on a smartphone. At the same time, her son watched a cartoon video on Television with the volume on high. Therefore, her husband could not understand precisely how much he needed to pay for the electricity bill. So, she repeated the exact words to confirm with him. Consequently, her husband asked about the due date for paying the electricity bill, and she replied that today was the last day to pay without penalty. In the meantime, she showed her angry face to her son to reduce the TV volume. Instantly, her son reduced the volume.

Based on the example, the context is a verbal communication. Verbal communication occurs when people converse in person or by phone. Elly is the sender, encoder, receiver, and decoder all at once. Similarly, her husband is both a sender and an encoder, and a receiver and a decoder. Turning the thought into a message is the act of encoding. In contrast, transferring the message into view is the process of decoding. The smartphone is the medium or channel of the communication process, and TV volume is the environmental noise that impedes it.

Example Scenario of Nine Communication Elements

Sender: Elly
Message: “Deposit $100 for the electricity bill.“
Encoding: “Elly decides to call her husband to send a message”.
Channel: Phone Call
Receiver: Her Husband (Jack)
Decoding: Her Husband (Jack) interpreted the message and took action
Feedback: “Asked about the due date for paying the electricity bill”.
Noise: “TV Sounds”.
Context: “Verbal Communication”.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the nine elements of the communication process are context, sender, encoder, message, channel, decoder, receiver, feedback, and noise. These components are essential in the transactional communication process. The communication process might fail without any elements other than noise, because noise is an unwanted communication element. This article has presented the nine elements of the communication process with examples. The author completed a Bachelor’s and a Master’s in Communication at the University of Putra Malaysia. He published several papers on communication in a Scopus-indexed journal. This article helps students to complete their assignments and researchers to conduct research projects.

Citation For This Article(APA-7th & MLA-9th Edition)

APA	Kobiruzzaman, M. M. (2026). 9 Elements of Communication Process With Examples. Newsmoor- Best Online Learning Platform. https://newsmoor.com/communication-elements-9-components-of-basic-communication-process/

Social Groups Types and Examples In Sociology PDF. Also, Ten Types of Social Groups.

Social Groups

Social groups refer to groups of people in society who communicate regularly to achieve individual and group goals. Every social group is formed by more than two people. The people in the same group share similar characteristics, mutual expectations, and shared identity. These groups have been prevalent in society for thousands of years, such as learning groups, work groups, self-help groups, etc. The social groups are divided into different small sub-groups. A small social group consists small number of people in society. The members of these small social groups communicate regularly and share common objectives. Group communication is significant to achieving the group goal.

Group development models explain that group communication has many stages, tensions, and conflicts, so members need to maintain all the challenges to achieve the final goal. According to Tuckman’s Theory, the five stages of group discussion are Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning. Members must overcome all these stages to achieve the independent and interdependent goal. The four types of barriers in group communication are Ethnocentrism, Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination.

Social Groups Types In Sociology — Ten Types of Social Groups: Example

Types of Social Groups

The 10 Types of Social Groups are:

Primary Group
Secondary Group
Self-help Group
Learning Group
Service Group
Civic Group
Work-Group
Public Group
Virtual Group
Political Group

Based on the research, the author has revealed a list of the top 10 types of social groups—the list of the top 10 types of social groups with the overall purpose and example given below.

Types of Social Groups with Examples

1. Primary Group

The primary group refers to close relationships among family members, friends, and roommates. The members satisfy primary needs including affiliation, belonging, love, and esteem. The primary group maintains interpersonal communicative behaviors among members such as self-disclosure, empathy, trust, and perceived understanding. The researchers term primary group as a long-standing group in many textbooks; because of long-term relationships.

For example, the Nuclear family, Roommates, Several friends who meet daily around a table (best friends), and co-workers who regularly share Coffee breaks are under the primary group.

2. Secondary Group

A secondary group is formed when few people communicate to complete daily tasks. Most scholars mentioned that the secondary group is usually formed to do work. The group members form this group to complete a project and solve a problem. Similar to the primary group, secondary group members share a common interest or engage in a shared activity.

For example, Athletic Teams and Peer Groups are social groups.

3. Self-Help Group (SHG)

A self-help group refers to voluntary team members who meet together to improve their living, physical, and financial condition. Group members face similar health conditions, common problems or life situations, and financial crises. This group goal is directed to a mutual approach to resolving problems. It offers support and encouragement to members who look for individual development. Self-help groups are available on the Internet, providing health, personal, or relationship issues.

For example, Diabetes Peer Support Groups, Cancer self-help and support groups, and Early Morning Running Groups.

4. Learning Group

A learning group refers to a collective of people who come together to develop skills and abilities. Usually, the educational or learning group primarily discovers and develops new ideas and ways of thinking.
This group is intended to enhance members’ skills, abilities, also cognitive processes. Group members gain additional knowledge to improve their behavior.

For example, the English-speaking club members come together to practice and improve English language proficiency. professional workshops and health and fitness classes (Yoga) are examples of learning groups.

5. Service Group

The service group refers to a group of volunteers who donate their time, energy, and effort to help others who need particular assistance. This group members seek to help those people who need something to lead their lives. They foster social etiquette and responsibility towards others in society. The task of this group is to help someone less fortunate.

For example, the Physical Therapy Foundation and Kiwanis is a service group.

6. Civic Group

A civic group is formed to support the community by raising voices. In this group, members help people within the community. Civic groups play a vital role in promoting civic engagement, fostering social cohesion, and advancing positive social changes. Members mobilize resources, raising awareness, and advocating for policy reform. They provide opportunities for individuals to come together, voice their concerns, and take collective action to address pressing issues facing their communities and societies

For example, Parent-Teacher Associations, Churches, Mosques, Scouting and Rotary Clubs.

7. Work-group

The working group is, also known as a decision-making and problem-solving group. The group members deal with solving specific issues that occur within an organizational context. Members complete particular tasks and routine duties on behalf of an organization whose members take collective responsibility for the job. The group goal is to collaborate in collective work.

For example, Standing committees, Taskforces, and Management Teams are workgroups.

8. Public Group

A public group is focused on discussing important issues for the benefit of the public. The group members focus on the common goals that benefit everyone within context. They are key decision-makers and promote general public matters. Social media users are part of this group.

For instance, symposiums, panel discussions, and forums are examples of public groups.

9. Virtual Group

The task-oriented group can work across time, space, and organizational boundaries. Virtual meeting group members work interdependently on a task but from different physical locations via communication technology. This group evolves into a virtual community or a group that meets regularly in cyberspace for members to share their experiences, opinions, and knowledge on a particular topic or interest. Virtual groups communicate via virtual meeting platforms, such as Google Meet, Zoom meetings, Microsoft Teams, etc.

For example, a freelancer works from a different country via online meetings.

10. Political Group

A political group discusses crucial economic and political issues and contributes to a country’s well-being. The political leaders meet physically or virtually to make decisions and take proper actions accordingly. Political Group members have similar beliefs, goals, and shared ideology.

For example, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party are the two major political groups. From a political perspective, most American voters are members of the Democratic or Republican political parties.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the ten types of social groups are primary group, secondary group, self-help group, learning group, service group, civic group, work group, public group, virtual group, and political group. Then members of these groups communicate and work together for people’s well-being. The advantages of small group communication are enhancing performance, member satisfaction, and greater civic engagement.